One of the most important problems in the field of computer science is a math problem as well: How can we determine if an integer $n$ is prime?

This chapter contemplates the future of the arts and cultural economics. We investigate the competition between popular culture and the high arts at different levels of aggregation. We also touch upon the future role of multiculturalism, gender equality and education in the high arts. Finally, we attempt to explain the trends and innovations that will be important for the future of the arts and provide a conclusion.

Richly illustrated in full colour and packed with examples from every major continent and wetland type, this third edition has been completely rewritten to provide undergraduates with a thoroughly accessible introduction to the basic principles. It divides the world’s wetlands into six principal types and presents six major causal environmental factors, arranged by importance and illustrated with clear examples, making it easy for instructors to plan tailored lectures and field trips and avoid overwhelming students with unnecessary detail. It retains its rigour for more advanced students, with sections on research methods and experiments, and over a thousand classic and contemporary references. Each chapter ends with questions that review the content covered and encourage further investigation. With expanded sections on topical issues such as sea level rise, eutrophication, facilitation and the latest approaches to restoration and conservation, the new edition of this prize-winning textbook is a vital resource for wetland ecology courses.

Until now, we have typically talked about the mean, variance, or higher moments of a random variable (r.v.). In this chapter, we will be concerned with the tail probability of a r.v. $X$, specifically.

This chapter focuses on government support for the arts. We outline the economic theory of arts support and describe the external or collective benefits arising from the arts. We also describe the arts from the perspective of merit goods. Particularly, we explain whether public subsidies may make art and culture more accessible to the poor. Finally, we survey how units of government around the world support the arts through the theoretical lens developed in this chapter.

In the last chapter we studied randomized algorithms of the Las Vegas variety. This chapter is devoted to randomized algorithms of the Monte Carlo variety.

This chapter is meant to give an introduction to the economics of arts and culture. We provide a definition of economics and motivate the coverage of the book. This chapter explains when and why the arts and culture have become a subject of economic enquiry. We conclude by giving an overview of the size of the arts sector in the United States and Europe.

In Part I, we saw that experiments are classified as either having a discrete sample space, with a countable number of possible outcomes, or a continuous sample space, with an uncountable number of possible outcomes. In this part, our focus will be on the discrete world. In Part III we will focus on the continuous world.

This chapter is a very brief introduction to the wonderful world of transforms. Transforms come in many varieties. There are z-transforms, moment-generating functions, characteristic functions, Fourier transforms, Laplace transforms, and more. All are very similar in their function. In this chapter, we will study z-transforms, a variant particularly well suited to common discrete random variables. In Chapter 11, we will study Laplace transforms, a variant ideally suited to common continuous random variables.

Having covered how to generate random variables in the previous chapter, we are now in good shape to move on to the topic of creating an event-driven simulation. The goal of simulation is to predict the performance of a computer system under various workloads. A big part of simulation is modeling the computer system as a queueing network.

This chapter seeks to understand how media and digital technologies influence art demand and supply. Particularly, we shed light on the impact of the mass media on cultural consumption and live attendance. We describe the emergence of virtual museums and, more broadly, digital cultural heritage. We also evaluate whether video games may influence art consumption and discuss the cultural importance of video games. Finally, we cover the consumption of music and how it relates to the rapidly changing and evolving music industry.

Richly illustrated in full colour and packed with examples from every major continent and wetland type, this third edition has been completely rewritten to provide undergraduates with a thoroughly accessible introduction to the basic principles. It divides the world’s wetlands into six principal types and presents six major causal environmental factors, arranged by importance and illustrated with clear examples, making it easy for instructors to plan tailored lectures and field trips and avoid overwhelming students with unnecessary detail. It retains its rigour for more advanced students, with sections on research methods and experiments, and over a thousand classic and contemporary references. Each chapter ends with questions that review the content covered and encourage further investigation. With expanded sections on topical issues such as sea level rise, eutrophication, facilitation and the latest approaches to restoration and conservation, the new edition of this prize-winning textbook is a vital resource for wetland ecology courses.

In this first part of the book we focus on some basic tools that we will need throughout the book. We start, in Chapter 1, with a review of some mathematical basics: series, limits, integrals, counting, and asymptotic notation. Rather than attempting an exhaustive coverage, we instead focus on a select “toolbox” of techniques and tricks that will come up over and over again in the exercises throughout the book. Thus, while none of this chapter deals with probability, it is worth taking the time to master its contents.

Until now we have only studied discrete random variables. These are defined by a probability mass function (p.m.f.). This chapter introduces continuous random variables, which are defined by a probability density function.

This chapter focuses on the supply side of the cultural sector. Focusing on the process of production, we touch on how to measure output in the performing arts and present an appropriate set of cost concepts, including the important concept of opportunity cost. Throughout the chapter, we discuss the difficulties of measuring output and costs in the cultural sector.

The focus until now in the book has been on probability. We can think of probability as defined by a probabilistic model, or distribution, which governs an “experiment,” through which one generates samples, or events, from this distribution. One might ask questions about the probability of a certain event occurring, under the known probabilistic model.

Richly illustrated in full colour and packed with examples from every major continent and wetland type, this third edition has been completely rewritten to provide undergraduates with a thoroughly accessible introduction to the basic principles. It divides the world’s wetlands into six principal types and presents six major causal environmental factors, arranged by importance and illustrated with clear examples, making it easy for instructors to plan tailored lectures and field trips and avoid overwhelming students with unnecessary detail. It retains its rigour for more advanced students, with sections on research methods and experiments, and over a thousand classic and contemporary references. Each chapter ends with questions that review the content covered and encourage further investigation. With expanded sections on topical issues such as sea level rise, eutrophication, facilitation and the latest approaches to restoration and conservation, the new edition of this prize-winning textbook is a vital resource for wetland ecology courses.