Richly illustrated in full colour and packed with examples from every major continent and wetland type, this third edition has been completely rewritten to provide undergraduates with a thoroughly accessible introduction to the basic principles. It divides the world’s wetlands into six principal types and presents six major causal environmental factors, arranged by importance and illustrated with clear examples, making it easy for instructors to plan tailored lectures and field trips and avoid overwhelming students with unnecessary detail. It retains its rigour for more advanced students, with sections on research methods and experiments, and over a thousand classic and contemporary references. Each chapter ends with questions that review the content covered and encourage further investigation. With expanded sections on topical issues such as sea level rise, eutrophication, facilitation and the latest approaches to restoration and conservation, the new edition of this prize-winning textbook is a vital resource for wetland ecology courses.

This chapter addresses resource allocation, management of investment portfolios, and price determination issues of museums. We start by describing the role of museums and summarizing attendance at art museums. Next, we describe the cost conditions under which museums operate as well as the sources of revenue of museums. Following this, we describe the acquisition policies and management of museum’s collections. Finally, we elaborate on the concept of “superstar” museums.

Richly illustrated in full colour and packed with examples from every major continent and wetland type, this third edition has been completely rewritten to provide undergraduates with a thoroughly accessible introduction to the basic principles. It divides the world’s wetlands into six principal types and presents six major causal environmental factors, arranged by importance and illustrated with clear examples, making it easy for instructors to plan tailored lectures and field trips and avoid overwhelming students with unnecessary detail. It retains its rigour for more advanced students, with sections on research methods and experiments, and over a thousand classic and contemporary references. Each chapter ends with questions that review the content covered and encourage further investigation. With expanded sections on topical issues such as sea level rise, eutrophication, facilitation and the latest approaches to restoration and conservation, the new edition of this prize-winning textbook is a vital resource for wetland ecology courses.

This chapter provides insights into how economics can inform managers of arts organizations. First and foremost, we discuss why arts organizations exist and how they are structured. We will cover the principal–agent theory that will inform a discussion of decision rights and incentive compensation within organizations. To gain a better understanding of organizational boundaries, we dig deeper into contract theory. Finally, we use transaction-cost economics to explain the existence of art organizations and their strategic positioning.

This chapter introduces randomized algorithms. We start with a discussion of the differences between randomized algorithms and deterministic algorithms. We then introduce the two primary types of randomized algorithms: Las Vegas algorithms and Monte Carlo algorithms. This chapter and its exercises will contain many examples of randomized algorithms, all of the Las Vegas variety. In Chapter 22 we will turn to examples of the Monte Carlo variety.

In this part of the book we delve deeply into understanding the tail of a random variable, namely the probability that the random variable exceeds some value. While we briefly touched on this topic in Section 5.9, in Chapter 18 we derive much more sophisticated tail bounds, including Chernoff bounds and Hoeffding bounds.

Richly illustrated in full colour and packed with examples from every major continent and wetland type, this third edition has been completely rewritten to provide undergraduates with a thoroughly accessible introduction to the basic principles. It divides the world’s wetlands into six principal types and presents six major causal environmental factors, arranged by importance and illustrated with clear examples, making it easy for instructors to plan tailored lectures and field trips and avoid overwhelming students with unnecessary detail. It retains its rigour for more advanced students, with sections on research methods and experiments, and over a thousand classic and contemporary references. Each chapter ends with questions that review the content covered and encourage further investigation. With expanded sections on topical issues such as sea level rise, eutrophication, facilitation and the latest approaches to restoration and conservation, the new edition of this prize-winning textbook is a vital resource for wetland ecology courses.

In Chapter 3, we studied several common discrete distributions. In this chapter we will learn how to obtain their mean, or expectation. We will also cover some useful tools that help us to simplify deriving expectations, such as the linearity of expectation result and deriving expectations by conditioning.

In Chapter 6, we covered a type of generating function known as the z-transform, which is particularly well suited to discrete, integer-valued, random variables. In this chapter, we will introduce a new type of generating function, called the Laplace transform, which is particularly well suited to common continuous random variables.

Richly illustrated in full colour and packed with examples from every major continent and wetland type, this third edition has been completely rewritten to provide undergraduates with a thoroughly accessible introduction to the basic principles. It divides the world’s wetlands into six principal types and presents six major causal environmental factors, arranged by importance and illustrated with clear examples, making it easy for instructors to plan tailored lectures and field trips and avoid overwhelming students with unnecessary detail. It retains its rigour for more advanced students, with sections on research methods and experiments, and over a thousand classic and contemporary references. Each chapter ends with questions that review the content covered and encourage further investigation. With expanded sections on topical issues such as sea level rise, eutrophication, facilitation and the latest approaches to restoration and conservation, the new edition of this prize-winning textbook is a vital resource for wetland ecology courses.

This chapter outlines the growth process as well as determinants of growth for the cultural sector. We touch upon supply and demand factors that have stimulated growth. To illustrate the growth process across countries, we present data on attendance at the live performing arts in seven European countries and in the United States, Canada, and Australia. Finally, the chapter covers important institutional changes that occurred in the live performing arts sector from the twentieth century and beyond.

An important and ubiquitous continuous distribution is the Normal distribution (also called the Gaussian). Normal distributions occur frequently in statistics, economics, natural sciences, and social sciences. For example, IQs approximately follow a Normal distribution. Men’s heights and weights are approximately Normally distributed, as are women’s heights and weights.

We have alluded to the fact that probability is useful in the performance analysis and design of computer systems. Queueing theory is an area of applied probability which directly targets systems performance. Here the “system” might refer to a computer system, a call center, a healthcare system, a manufacturing system, a banking system, or one of many other examples. Markov chains (particularly continuous-time chains) are just one of many tools used in queueing theory. In this final part of the book, we provide a very brief introduction to queueing theory. For a much more in-depth coverage, see [35].