Community and primary health care nursing is experiencing a rapid metamorphosis as our population ages and the prevalence of chronic and complex conditions increases. To meet these changing needs, our health workforce has evolved with a range of specialised disciplines now working in diverse health settings. Throughout these changes, nursing continues to be the largest global health workforce providing the most direct client care. Historically, nurses were the original transdisciplinary health care workers, providing basic physiotherapy, occupational therapy, nutritional advice and all other care as required. As more detailed knowledge developed in an area of practice, specialised areas of care evolved, and a variety of allied health professions emerged. In turn, nursing itself became more specialised, due to developments in clinical practice, technological advances and the need for more complex care.

This chapter focuses on the theory, skills and professional role of a drug and alcohol nurse in community settings. It describes substance use and drug-related harms and provides a brief overview of the guiding principles and professional practice drug and alcohol nurses follow when providing care for people who use alcohol and other drugs (AOD). The chapter also describes the considerations for co-occurring needs and integrated care. Reflective activities throughout the chapter will guide the reader to consider how they can support people living with AOD in their nursing practice.

The world is facing an unprecedented number of forcibly displaced people as a result of war, conflict, human rights violations and natural disasters. Conflicts have become more protracted, often lasting for years, and displacement as a short-term option is unrealistic. The most recent United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) annual global trends report shows an ever-increasing number of people displaced. The UNHCR has estimated it will be supporting an expected 130 million people who are either stateless or forcibly displaced by the end of 2024. Around half of the world’s refugees and displaced people are children. Permanent resettlement is no solution as less than 1 per cent of the displaced people are ever resettled.

The World Health Organization developed a framework for family and community nursing that identified a role for community health nurses, identifying the needs of their communities and addressing them. Primary health care shifted the focus from a disease model treating illness to a preventative model that focused on population and social health, community development, health promotion, illness prevention and early intervention, including community nurses as part of this movement.

We study the application of the Cox-–Ross–Rubinstein model to pricing financial contracts. The determination of the “fair price” consists in looking for an adapted self-financing trading strategy replicating the payoff of the product at hand, and determining the amount needed to launch this procedure. We observe that the mathematical expression of this price takes the form of the conditional expectation of the payoff discounted at the risk-free rate provided that one considers a specific set of probabilities when computing the expectation. This amounts to computing the expectation under a special probability measure (called risk-neutral measure) equivalent to – but different from – the physical probability measure. We show that the risk-neutral measure has the specific property that the price process of assets paying no cashflows are martingales when discounted at the risk-free rate. We illustrate using zero-coupon bonds, forward contracts, and European options that the price found by computing the risk-neutral expectation indeed enables us to start a self-financing strategy that replicates the payoff of those products on a binomial tree.

Cultural competence and cultural safety support health professionals to recognise everyone as unique in order to promote optimal health outcomes. This allows for the acknowledgement of diversity that exists within and between individuals and groups in health care. In practice, this represents the broader understanding of culture in health care, and encompasses the dynamic influences of culture on attitudes, values and beliefs. Alongside culture, the understanding of diversity is inclusive of – yet not exclusive to – age and generation, sex and gender identity, socio-economic status, occupation, ethnicity or migrant experience, religion or spirituality, and ability or disability.

We derive a deterministic equation whose solution yields the expression of the no-arbitrage price of a derivative security in continuous time. In contrast to Chapter 11 where the latter is found via a risk-neutral expectation, we adopt a no-arbitrage argument as in Chapter 15. To this end, we look for a trading strategy that would (i) be self-financing, (ii) comply with the evolution of a function which only depends on time and on the current price of the underlying asset, and (ii) replicate the derivative’s payoff. Solving this problem yields (i) a partial differential equation (PDE) whose solution is the price function and (ii) the analytical expression of the replicating strategy, something that we failed to obtain in Chapter 11. We show that the price of ZCBs, forward contracts and European call and put options computed using risk-neutral expectations all satisfy the PDE. The price of a specific product is determined by picking the price function that complies with its payoff. The Feynman–Kac theorem justifies that the price found using the risk-neutral expectation approach in Chapter 11 coincides with the no-arbitrage expression obtained by following a replication argument.

Event studies are commonly applied in corporate finance, with a focus on testing market efficiency hypotheses and evaluating the effects of corporate decisions on firm values, stock prices, and other outcome variables. The chapter discusses the event-study model using examples from (i) return predictability literature; (ii) the effects of firm-level and macro news on stock returns, testing semi-strong efficiency; as well as (iii) insider trading, testing the strong form of efficiency. In short-term event studies the chapter reviews abnormal (AR) and cumulative abnormal return (CAR) calculations and discusses statistical tests of ARs and CARs. It also covers long-term event studies and discusses the buy-and-hold abnormal returns as well as the calendar-time portfolio approach. The chapter provides an application of a short-term event study by examining how stock prices respond to the news of a CEO’s departure. The chapter ends with lab work and a mini case study.

A masters-level overview of the mathematical concepts needed to master the art of derivatives pricing, this textbook is a must-have for anyone considering a career in quantitative finance in industry or academia. Starting from the foundations of probability, the book allows students with limited technical background to build a solid knowledge base of the most important notions. It offers a unique compromise between intuition and mathematics, even when discussing abstract notions such as change of measure. Mathematical concepts are initially introduced using “toy” examples, before moving on to examples of finance cases, in both discrete and continuous time. Throughout, numerical applications and simulations illuminate the analytical results. The end-of-chapter exercises test students’ understanding, with solved exercises at the end of each part to aid self-study. Additional resources are available online, including slides, code, and an interactive app.

Globally, people in prison often come from the most deprived sections of society due to adverse political, economic, environmental, social and lifestyle factors. This group experiences chronic and complex mental and physical health conditions at higher rates than the general population, including mental health conditions, chronic non-communicable and communicable conditions and acquired brain injury. They also have higher rates of tobacco smoking, high-risk alcohol consumption, illicit drug use and injecting drug use. As many as 90 per cent of people in custody have a diagnosis of either a mental health condition or addiction. Often, people in prison have under-utilised health care in the community and, for many, the first interaction with health services occurs during incarceration. Therefore, incarceration may provide an opportunity to access treatment to improve health and for appropriate health care to be initiated.

Mental illness continues to be a leading cause of illness in Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand. The effects of reduced mental health have significant consequences for individuals, families and the community. Prevention and early intervention are crucial to improve health outcomes. Much of the support and care for individuals and families experiencing mental health illness occurs within the community, and nurses are major providers of that care. This chapter focuses on the role of community mental health nurses in providing recovery-orientated care for individuals living with mental illness and their families.

The last chapter explored how we interpret the raw data from our eyes to perceive meaningful objects and events. In this chapter we explore attention. Like perception, attention seems to be a straightforward mental concept used in everyday life. Just as you could ask someone “did you see that?” without bothering to define “see,” you can ask someone to “pay attention” and expect them to know what you were talking about.