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In Chapter 9, the author discusses both content and statistical approaches to evaluating and revising criterion-referenced assessments at both the item and test levels. The chapter includes guidelines for judging criterion-referenced item types and the content of specific items. The chapter also discusses standard setting and takes readers through an example of how to use the Angoff method for this purpose. It introduces descriptive statistics for criterion-refenced assessments, including median, mastery rate, item facility, and B-Index, a statistic that provides an indication of how well an item distinguishes among test takers who have mastered and test takers who have not mastered the targeted ability of the assessment. The chapter concludes with an explanation of how to calculate and interpret dependability for a classroom vocabulary test. It includes an appendix which shows how to use Excel to calculate each of the statistics that the chapter introduces.
In Chapter 4, the author introduces the concept of validity. The chapter begins with an exploration of approaches to defining a construct. These approaches include using language theory, a language needs analysis, corpora, and curriculum objectives to help test developers determine what specific language ability they desire to measure. The chapter emphasizes the importance of alignment, which relates to how well the test content and test taker response processes match the construct’s content and the response processes that the test aims to measure. The author uses a detailed example of assessing children’s ability to communicate on a playground in a second language. The major point of the example is that the assessment should require children to use the same kinds of language they use when they communicate on the playground. This alignment helps ensure that the assessment measures the targeted language ability and will lead to positive washback on teaching and learning.
Urban nature holds great potential to address the web of challenges that cities are facing and support transitions to a more sustainable future. Cities are working with nature in a diversity of ways, such as by using blue and green infrastructure. Blue infrastructure includes, for example, lakes, ponds, drains, and wetlands. These features can regulate storm-water flows, reduce pressure on the urban drainage system, and create sponge cities that lower flooding risks while reducing heat island effects, enhancing biodiversity, and providing recreational opportunities. Green infrastructure can include, for example, urban forests, green roofs and walls, multi-functional parks, and river embankments. These areas can improve air quality and energy efficiency, reduce heat island effects, and contribute to human health and well-being, amongst other benefits. Furthermore, urban gardens can increase access to food and employment while enhancing physical and mental health and social integration.
Now in its fourth edition, this textbook provides a chronological account of first language acquisition, showing how young children acquire language in their conversational interactions with adult speakers. It draws on diary records and experimental studies from leaders in the field to document different stages and different aspects of what children master. Successive chapters detail infants' and young children's progression from attending to adult faces, gaze, and hand motions, to their first attempts at communicating with gaze and gesture, then adding words and constructions. It comprehensively covers the acquisition of the core areas of language – phonetics and phonology, lexicon, grammar and sentence structure, and meaning – as well as how children acquire discourse and conversational skills. This edition includes new sections on how children build 'common ground' with adults and other children, individual differences in children's language development, how they collaborate with adults in constructing utterances, and how they qualify beliefs.
Maximise student engagement and understanding of matrix methods in data-driven applications with this modern teaching package. Students are introduced to matrices in two preliminary chapters, before progressing to advanced topics such as the nuclear norm, proximal operators and convex optimization. Highlighted applications include low-rank approximation, matrix completion, subspace learning, logistic regression for binary classification, robust PCA, dimensionality reduction and Procrustes problems. Extensively classroom-tested, the book includes over 200 multiple-choice questions suitable for in-class interactive learning or quizzes, as well as homework exercises (with solutions available for instructors). It encourages active learning with engaging 'explore' questions, with answers at the back of each chapter, and Julia code examples to demonstrate how the mathematics is actually used in practice. A suite of computational notebooks offers a hands-on learning experience for students. This is a perfect textbook for upper-level undergraduates and first-year graduate students who have taken a prior course in linear algebra basics.
Taking a simplified approach to statistics, this textbook teaches students the skills required to conduct and understand quantitative research. It provides basic mathematical instruction without compromising on analytical rigor, covering the essentials of research design; descriptive statistics; data visualization; and statistical tests including t-tests, chi-squares, ANOVAs, Wilcoxon tests, OLS regression, and logistic regression. Step-by-step instructions with screenshots are used to help students master the use of the freely accessible software R Commander. Ancillary resources include a solutions manual and figure files for instructors, and datasets and further guidance on using STATA and SPSS for students. Packed with examples and drawing on real-world data, this is an invaluable textbook for both undergraduate and graduate students in public administration and political science.
Many of the greatest minds in psychology have tried to unravel the mysteries, power, appeal, and consequences of religion. The task of understanding human behaviour will never be complete without the use of science and logic to examine the psychology of religion and spirituality. This undergraduate textbook provides an engaging and accessible tour of the field, drawing on historical, theoretical, and cutting-edge sources. It explores the origins and meaning of various forms of religious belief around the globe, with enhanced coverage of non-Christian religions, non-believers, and diverse populations. By focusing on the personal, medical, moral, social, and political consequences of religion, it explores how these findings can be applied in real-world scenarios. Students are supported by clear learning objectives, defined key concepts, varied end-of-chapter questions, further reading suggestions, and visual content, making this an invaluable resource for undergraduates in the psychology of religion and spirituality.
Master the fundamentals of complex marine systems with this introduction to marine dynamics, vibrations, hydrodynamics, and stochastic processes. It connects key theoretical concepts, including as the velocity potential, impulsive force and L'Hôpital's Rule, to real-world marine engineering applications such as such as marine platform dynamics, extreme motions and exceedance probabilities, and includes over 60 multi-part end-of-chapter problems, building from simplified questions to advanced exercises, enabling students to grow in confidence towards solving complex questions. Students will gain a deep understanding effective design and safe operation of offshore systems and ocean resources; and is supported by downloadable Matlab code, and online solutions for instructors. Including over 300 full-colour illustrations and worked examples, drawing on the author's 45 years of teaching experience in marine dynamics, this textbook provides the ideal introduction to marine dynamics for senior undergraduate and graduate students in marine engineering, and is a comprehensive reference for practitioners in industry.
Fully updated and revised, the tenth edition of this bestselling textbook introduces clinical psychology as a bridge between science and practice. Featuring over 1000 new references, the revised text includes additional coverage of digital mental health, diversity, and identity, and the practice of evidence-based clinical science. Coverage of such topics as emerging models for clinical training and accreditation, new approaches to diagnosing and classifying mental illness, and changes in healthcare legislation ensure that students will understand the very latest trends in the subject. The pedagogical focus of previous editions is maintained. 'Thinking Scientifically' sections in each chapter break down how to evaluate conflicting findings and use them to draw conclusions, while clinical vignettes bring concepts and theories to life. 'In Review' tables at the end of each major section prompt students to review material and test their comprehension. The text is accompanied by a full suite of online teaching supports.
Before we can understand the present state of the psychology of religion – with its frequent emphasis on empirical data – it can be helpful to understand the field’s history. The prominent theoreticians that we explore in this chapter – James, Freud, Jung, Maslow, Fromm, Allport, Becker, Frankl, and others – remain influential in the twenty-first century, but they are also controversial. William James’ biography and writings show that debates about religion were never purely intellectual matters for the great scientist and philosopher. Freud’s theorizing on religion is discussed in detail, including his ideas on the origin and meaning of mystical religious experiences, the roots of theistic belief in wish-fulfillment, the notion of religion as a universal obsessional neurosis, and the assessment of the historical importance of religion for civilization. This discussion of Freud is followed by consideration of Carl Jung’s more sympathetic outlook on aspects of religion. The chapter concludes with a comprehensive discussion of the many ways humanistic and existential thinkers have studied religion and spirituality.