La lé galisation du mariage entre personnes de m e me sexe a Ta i wan en 2019 aé té salué e par la communauté internationale, consolidant la position du pays en tant que leader ré gional de l‘é galité des genres en Asie de l‘ Est. Depuis pr e s d‘ un demi-si e cle, le droit de la famille ta i wanais n‘ a cessé d‘é voluer vers l‘é galité des sexes, le combat juridique fé ministe ayant joué un rô le dé terminant. Considé ré e comme une pierre angulaire du mouvement fé ministe et un produit de la dé mocratisation de Ta i wan, la ré forme du droit de la famille est uné lé ment essentiel dans la recherche d‘ une socié téé galitaire pour Ta i wan. Cependant, cela ne repré sente que la moitié de l‘ histoire. Commencé e juste avant la fin de la loi martiale en 1987, la ré forme du droit de la famille a remis en question le patriarcat, tout en facilitant sa« pré servation par la transformation». Elle aé galement renforcé la supré matie maritale. Ce chapitre passe en revue l‘é volution du droit de la famille au cours des cinquante derni e res anné es en mettant l‘ accent sur les changements relatifs a l‘é galité des sexes, en discutant de la straté gie et du rô le des mouvements fé ministes et LGBTQ, et en pré sentant un bilan de la ré forme sous l‘ angle du fé minisme.

INTRODUCTION TO THE PROBLEM

The diversity of confl icts is considerable, but most have one thing in common: they profoundly aff ect civilian populations. Civilians suff er disproportionately from targeted attacks, indiscriminate killings, summary executions, sexual slavery, and rape. Civilians are forcibly displaced or forced to join the fighting, causing massive disruption to civilian lives, and leading to loss of livelihood, hunger, and disease.

Aware of this problem, in the 1960s, the United Nations (UN) Security Council began to implicitly include the promotion of civilian protection in the mandates issued to military operations, whose overall purpose was to support the maintenance or restoration of international peace and security. In the present study, these types of operations are referred to as ‘UN (mandated) peace operations’, i.e. operations conceived to support the maintenance or restoration of international peace and security and conducted either by the UN itself (‘UN peace operations’) or by States or regional or international organisations other than the UN, including the African Union (AU), the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and the European Union (EU) (‘UN-mandated peace operations’). An example of such an initiative by which the UN Security Council sought to alleviate human suff ering can be found in Resolution 836 (1993).

” Vous portez l‘ avenir de Trinité -et-Tobago dans vos cartables» , ces mots onté té prononcé s par feu le Dr Eric Williams, Premier ministre, alors qu‘ il s‘ adressait aux jeunes de Trinité -et-Tobago. Ce slogan montre le caract e re progressiste du syst e meé ducatif de Trinité -et-Tobago, o u l‘é ducation est gratuite et obligatoire jusqu‘ a l‘â ge de 16 ans. Toutefois, l‘é ducation est-elle ré ellement obligatoire et accessible a tous les enfants de Trinité -et-Tobago, et spé cialement aux enfants migrants?C‘ est a cette question que le pré sent chapitre s‘ inté resse.

La premiere partie de ce chapitre traite de la mani e re dont les enfants migrants peuvent accé der a l‘é ducation a Trinité -et-Tobago, en mettant en parall e le la loi sur l‘é ducation de Trinité -et-Tobago et les r e glements sur l‘ immigration qui pré voit des conditions quié rigent des barri e res a l‘ acc e s a l‘é ducation. La deuxi e me partie du chapitre traite de la question de savoir si l‘É tat est obligé de supprimer les obstacles au droit d‘ acc e s a l‘é ducation des enfants migrants en raison des obligations internationales auxquelles Trinité -et-Tobago est soumis. Enfin, le pré sent texte tente de formuler des recommandations et se ré f e re au rapport de la commission mixte du Parlement de Trinité -et-Tobago sur le traitement des migrants, qui comprenait un volet sur le droit a l‘é ducation.

Il y a cinquante ans, le Bré sil ne reconnaissait lé galement qu‘ une seule forme de famille : la famille fondé e sur le mariage. Elleé tait hé té rosexuelle, indissoluble, avait pour but d‘ avoir des enfants et dirigé e par l‘ homme. Mais la socié té bré silienne a beaucoup changé depuis 1973, et par consé quent le droit de la famille aussi.

Lors du dernier congr e s de l‘ ISFL, des juristes bré siliens ont pré senté l‘é volution du droit de la famille au cours des derni e res dé cennies, inté grant des concepts juridiques et des liens familiaux inimaginables dans d‘ autres pays. Le droit bré silien ne fait pas de discrimination entre les diffé rents types de filiation, biologique ou par adoption, et poss e de un lien juridique familial tr e s spé cifique : l’ aff ectivité , qui peut m e me constituer un lien parental.

Ily a cinquante ans, le Bré silé tait soumis a une dictature militaire et, en 1988, apr e s la fin de ce gouvernement, une avancé e juridique a eu lieu : la Constitution actuelle. Cette nouvelle constitution a modifié les fondements juridiques de la famille, en reconnaissant les unions stables 1 , les familles monoparentales et en plaç ant dé finitivement les hommes et les femmes sur un pied d‘é galité dans la famille. Au cours des dé cennies qui ont suivi l‘ adoption de la Constitution, la jurisprudence a joué un rô le de premier plan dans l‘é largissement de la dé finition de la famille. Par exemple, elle a reconnu les familles homoparentales et l‘ existence de la socio-aff ectivité , une relation parentale qui n‘ est pas fondé e sur la biologie. Ces transformations ont suscité des critiques dans un pays dé j a profondé ment divisé sur le plan idé ologique et politique. Cependant, malgré les nombreux changements survenus au cours des cinq derni e res dé cennies, la famille reste un concept fondamental de la socié té bré silienne. C‘ est un sujet majeur du dé bat politique, et les politiciens utilisent souvent les valeurs familiales pour justifier leurs dé cisions et leurs votes. La famille reste un concept sujet a discussion dans un pays fortement polarisé.

L‘ invasion de l‘ Ukraine par la Russie en fé vrier 2022 a provoqué une grande vague de migration de citoyens ukrainiens vers la Pologne. On estime que plus de 15 millions de ré fugié s ont franchi la fronti e re polonaise depuis le dé but de la guerre et qu‘ il y a actuellement plus d‘ un million de ré fugié s sur le territoire polonais. Parmi les ré fugié s, de nombreux enfants privé s de leurs parents onté té proté gé s par des dispositions lé gales spé ciales. La loi du 12 mars 2022 sur l‘ assistance aux citoyens ukrainiens dans le cadre du confl it armé sur le territoire de ce pays a introduit un certain nombre de dispositifs visant a proté ger les inté r e ts des ré fugié s et a stabiliser leur situation juridique en Pologne. L‘ article pré sentera deux d‘ entre eux : la mise en place d‘ un tuteur temporaire pour les mineurs ukrainiens ré sidant en Pologne et la cré ation, sur la base de la loi polonaise, d‘ une ré glementation spé ciale pour les familles d‘ accueil ukrainiennes qui prennent en charge un enfant ukrainien. Si ces deux types de mesures de protection des enfants sont dé cidé s par le tribunal, leur ré glementation pré sente de nombreuses diffé rences avec les mesures ordinaires de prise en charge des enfants qui sont ré gies par le code polonais de la famille et de la tutelle. L‘ article se propose d‘é valuer la mise en place et l‘ efficacité de ces nouveaux dispositifs, ainsi que d‘ analyser les principes visant a renforcer la protection des mineurs ré fugié s.

An ISFL conference aff ords one the opportunity to meet interesting people from diff erent cultures. I have greatly enjoyed interacting with attendees at various conferences. In addition, you learn about recent legal initiatives in other countries. For example, at the 2023 conference, I learned that the English Law Commission has started an investigation into whether premarital agreements should be formally recognised and whether a system of equitable distribution of property at divorce should be adopted.

Similarly, meeting people from other countries expands your professional network and gives you colleagues you can contact in the future if you have questions about legal developments in their countries. Conversations at conferences can catalyse interesting ideas about scholarly collaborations. This has happened to me more than once.

Other professional opportunities can result from ISFL participation. For example, over the years, I have been invited by ISFL colleagues to be a visiting scholar at various universities. I have travelled to Australia a number of times for various projects. This eventually resulted in a Fulbright appointment in Sydney and Canberra, which was great fun.

Finally, by attending ISFL conferences, you will encounter interesting and challenging new ideas. I still remember a statement made at a plenary presentation at the Copenhagen conference almost thirty years ago. The speaker predicted that same-sex marriage would be accepted throughout Western Europe in ten years. I thought,‘Is he out of his mind?‘(At the time, I don‘t think any jurisdiction accepted same-sex marriage.) Well, guess what?He was essentially correct. Ten years later, many European countries had accepted same-sex marriage.

Les cinquante derni e res anné es onté té caracté risé es par une importanteé volution de la socié té italienne en gé né ral, mais aussi en tant que socié té insé ré e dans un vaste contexte europé en et international. En consé quence, l‘é volution du droit italien de la famille au cours des derni e res anné es peut e tre dé finie comme une mutation d‘é poque. Tout en maintenant ses propres traditions juridiques, dont le syst e me juridique italien conserve des particularité s pré cises, le droit italien de la famille a profondé ment changé et certainsé vé nements marquants peuvent e tre identifié s dans cetteé volution. Apr e s l‘ introduction du divorce en 1970, la grande ré forme du droit de la famille de 1975 a eu un profond eff et sur les relations entreé poux et sur la relation parentale envers les enfants. Entre 2012 et 2014, la ré forme de la filiation a eu une incidence considé rable non seulement sur la notion d‘ enfant, en rendanté gaux tous les enfants, né s ou non en mariage, devant la loi, mais aussi sur la notion m e me de famille au sens juridique dans le syst e me lé gal italien.

La ré forme de la procé dure civile dans le domaine de la famille est en cours (a l‘ heure o u nousécrivons). La loi pré voit une délégation au gouvernement pour l‘ adoption de dé crets d‘ application de grande envergure, qui traitent notamment du droit de la famille. Les profonds changements socié taux et juridiques qui ont caracté risé le droit de la famille italien au cours des cinquante derni e res anné es correspondenté galement a un profond renouvellement des sources du droit dans le domaine de la famille.

When Prof. Robin Fretwell Wilson, Vice President of ISFL, and editor of the International Survey of Family Law together with Prof. June Carbone, invited me in Antwerp, at the 18th ISFL World Conference, to write a few pages about my experience with ISFL, I was surprised at how many years had passed by. Nevertheless, at each World Conference I find myself in the same excited mood as at the first one that I attended in 1999.

As I am writing this short testimony, I feel a deep gratitude to all my colleagues that I am sure would not fit into a few lines, and some of these colleagues continue to be among us as indelible memories. I kindly ask all my colleagues to feel represented by those few I nominate here.

As a refl ex of the subject that brought us together– families– I can say that we do form a big family: old and new generations of scholars exchanging experiences that are a product not only of academic education, teaching and professional expertise, but also of personal emotional experiences. And that includes the aff ective bonds we create as a family law institution. Unlike an objective text, this refl ection uses many adjectives to express emotions. From my perspective, the ISFL makes the magic of strengthening the attachments of diff erent people and cultures by uniting them with a common aim: protecting what I call‘the right of being human‘.

The beginning: a book, Liber Amicorum Marie-Thérese Meulders-Klein: Droit Comparé des Personnes et de la Famille , 1998.To my surprise, my name was in the subscription list. I took this as a kind of invitation for me, as a psychoanalyst, to study international family law. And I must confess that today I still have the same feeling of warm acceptance of our diff erent perspectives– family law and psychoanalysis– in every ISFL encounter. Our family law institution is inclusive not only regarding diff erent cultures, but also in respect of diverse points of views.

Prof. Marie-Thérese Meulders-Klein was one of the grande dame of the ISFL. She was as elegant in manners as she was in addressing key and controversial family law issues– a woman ahead of her time.

The 2024 edition of the International Survey of Family Law continues the celebration of the International Society of Family Law‘s (ISFL) fiftieth anniversary. This second of two Jubilee editions begins with memorials to Professor Sanford Katz, a giant in the field of family law and an important figure in the Society‘s creation. It then adds refl ections on the Society‘s history, its contributions to the global development of family in the context of controversial issues such as the same-sex marriage debate, its continuing relevance to newly emerging family discussions, and the Golden Jubilee Conference of 2023 in Antwerp Belgium.

The Second Jubilee edition, in the manner of the first, presents substantive retrospectives on fifty-years of family law transformations. Olga A. Khazova- Gurvich describes one of ISFL‘s most consequential contributions to the global family law order: the reshaping of the status of children that produced the International Convention on the Rights of the Child, which has been ratified by every member country in the United Nations other than the United States. Individual chapters focused on specific countries then review the changes in doctrine, concepts, and procedure that have remade family law in one country after another. The chapters on Brazil and China describe the evolution of family from patriarchal traditions (colonial Catholic in Brazil and feudal in China) to a modern enterprise that enshrines legal equality between men and women. In Brazil, Juliana Maggi Lima explains how Brazilian family law now views the family not as an end in itself but as a means of human fulfilment that serves the needs and development of all of its members. In a parallel way, Ran Qiyu recounts the transformation of Chinese family law to promote‘good family traditions‘and the‘construction of family civilisation‘, rethinking both the doctrines and the aspirations underlying Chinese family law. Family law in France and Italy, by contrast, has changed as part of a dialogue between the national courts and the European Court of Human Rights, requiring reconsideration of judicial methodology as well as the substance of family law decisions. In both countries, family law evolution combines distinctive national developments (Christine Bidaud and her co-authors discuss, for example, the adoption of the French Civil Solidarity Pact Act in 1999, recognising nonmarital cohabitation, and Federica Giardini describes Italy‘s restrictive assisted reproduction laws) with reforms prompted by European Court rulings.

INTRODUCTION TO PART II

As Part I made clear, any peace operation constituting a (physical) intervention in a State needs a legal basis in international law. Such legal basis can be found in the UN Charter or in rules of customary international law relating to the use of force and the maintenance and restoration of international peace and security. In addition, every peace operation requires a mission-specific mandate which can either be issued by a competent international organisation (in principle, the UN Security Council under Chapter VII of the UN Charter) or by a host State's government inviting or consenting to a peace operation conducted on its territory. The mandate, in this context, is a source of legal authority to deploy a mission in the territory of a third State and to use force on that State's territory.

UN (mandated) peace operations covered in this book always operate based on a mandate of the UN Security Council, whether or not complemented by the consent of the host State. Since October 1999, the UN Security Council has, on almost all occasions, provided UN (mandated) peace operations with Chapter VII authorisations, which represents a significant change in UN practice. In the preamble of PoC mandates, the UN Security Council generally determines that a particular situation ‘constitutes a threat to the international peace and security’ and subsequently authorises an entire mandate (including the PoC tasks) under Chapter VII of the UN Charter.

Sanford Katz was born in Holyoke, Massachusetts on 23 December 1933, the son of Jacob and Rebecca Katz, and one of seven children. He graduated from Boston University and the University of Chicago Law School, then joined the Air Force Judge Advocate General Division and served at the Pentagon. After a fellowship at Yale Law School, he began his illustrious teaching career at Catholic University Law School, and then moved to the University of Florida, before Dean Robert Drinan, SJ, brought him to Boston College Law School, where he taught family law and contract law for 47 years. He leaves behind several generations of devoted students– who will fondly remember his absolute commitment to their success in the legal profession– as well as countless colleagues, scholars and practitioners who he inspired.

His contribution to family law scholarship in the United States was immense. From 1968 to 1979, he was director of law and child development, funded by the Field Foundation, the Grant Foundation and the US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, conducting research on child abuse and neglect, child custody in divorce and model legislation. He was chief drafter of the Model State Subsidized Adoption Act and Regulation 1975, and of the Model Act to Free Children for Permanent Placement. This was followed by chairmanship of the Family Law Section of the American Bar Association (1980– 81), appointment to membership of the Special Massachusetts Commission on Probate and Family Court Procedures, in 1980, and receipt of the Distinguished Service Award of the Family Law Section of the American Bar Association, in 1982. During this period, he was also editor-in-chief of the Family Law Quarterly from 1970 to 1983, later serving as editor of the Millennium Issue of the Family Law Quarterly, in 2000, and of the Special Fiftieth Anniversary Issue of the Family Law Quarterly, in 2008. This list is not exhaustive.

Le plus emblé matique des droits de l‘ enfant est celui de participer aux procé dures judiciaires et administratives qui aff ectent sa vie.

Malgré la consé cration juridique progressive du droit de l‘ enfant a participer aux procé dures de droit de la famille dans le droit portugais, la mise en oe uvre eff ective de ce droit n‘ est pas encore conclue.

Dans le pré sent chapitre, l‘ histoire et la culture du syst e me juridique portugais sont analysé es afin de comprendre les fondements de ce droit de l‘ enfant et ainsi permettre de justifier la né cessaire reconnaissance de ce droit en tant que droit substantiel. Les raisons pour lesquelles ce droit n‘ est pas encore pleinement garanti sonté galement analysé es, en gardant a l‘ esprit sa nature procé durale.

La Constitution portugaise de 1976 off re un cadre interpré tatif au soutien de ce droit de l‘ enfant a participer aux procé dures le concernant, ce qui, en tant que tel, est un ré el argument contre toute ré sistance a l‘ octroi de ce droit. Depuis l‘ adoption de la Convention internationale des droits de l‘ enfant, de grandes avancé es ont vu le jour en ce qui concerne le droit de participation de l’enfant. La Loi sur la protection des enfants et des jeunes en danger a renforcé la reconnaissance de ce droit. Le Régime gé né ral de tutelle civile a permis de considé rer le droit de l‘ enfant a participer comme un outil d’ autonomisation.

Cependant, des obstacles a la mise en oe uvre eff ective de ce droit subsistent. Ce chapitre analyse les progr e s eff ectué s et soul e ve des nouvelles questions. Celles-ci sont relatives a la participation des enfants dans les procé dures judiciaires et administratives, au soutien dont ils ont besoin pour parvenir a un exercice concret de ce droit, mais aussi a la signification et au poids qui devraient e tre accordé s aux perspectives des enfants dans les procé dures familiales ainsi qu‘ a leur status dans ces procé dures.

ISFL Golden Jubilee Conference 2023

will always remain a treasured memory.

The theme,‘ Rethinking Law’s Families and Family Law‘

brought many family law researchers to this conference door.

From every continent of the world to Antwerp they came

to share family law problems that really were all the same.

What is a parent and what is a partner?

What is the legal position of a minor?

Care and protection of the elderly is an important duty.

Soon someone will have to take care of you, and even me.

Lest you think I seek volunteers for this important function,

let me quickly turn my attention to assisted reproduction.

Attribution of parenthood and the right to know one’s original family

involve complicated issues of surrogacy, identity and technology.

Abortion and reproductive rights are hot topics creating strife,

for which some Christians are prepared to lay down their life.

Money, property, gender and the law, digital law,

are issues which can have the family engaged as though fighting a war.

International child abduction and parental alienation,

with the issue of domestic violence, there may be a connection.

Research, policy formation and the law.

That was a topic I do not recall our discussing before.

After years of women power, Bea, Marsha and Masha, hard acts to follow

We passed the baton to Frederik, seems a decent enough fellow.

Le pré sent chapitre vise a explorer l‘é volution du statut juridique de l‘ enfant au sein de la famille au cours des cinquante derni e res anné es, en commenç ant par 1973, anné e de la signature de la Convention internationale sur la protection des droits de tous les travailleurs migrants et des membres de leur famille. A l‘é poque, la Convention des Nations unies sur les droits de l‘ enfant n‘ existait pas et l‘ inté r e t supé rieur de l‘ enfant n‘é tait pas l‘ un des principes fondamentaux gouvernant les droits de l‘ enfant. La garde des enfants apr e s un divorceé tait traditionnellement confié e a la m e re et les p e res qui n‘é taient pas satisfaits de leur droit de visite avaient tendance a ré soudre le probl e me, du moins dans les cas transfrontaliers, en enlevant leurs enfants. Les enfants n‘é taient pas encore considé ré s comme titulaires de droits a part entiere et les parents les traitaient plutô t comme leur« proprié té». L‘ anné e 1989 aé té marqué e par l‘ adoption de la Convention des Nations unies relative aux droits de l‘ enfant dont, aujourd‘ hui encore, nous n‘ avons pas pleinement saisi l‘ importance. Elle a institué le droit de l‘ enfant d‘ e tre entendu et de participer aux procé dures le concernant et ce droit demeure l‘ une des questions les plus dé licates, en particulier en mati e re familiale. Les progr e s de la science et de la procré ation mé dicalement assisté e ont donné une nouvelle dimension aux relations parents-enfants et il n‘ est pas toujoursé vident de savoir qui sont les parents lé gaux de l‘ enfant et o u tout cela m e nera le droit de la famille : enfants conç us par donneur, enfants né s d‘ une m e re porteuse, filiation multiple et, quel que soit le scé nario, le droit de l‘ enfant a l‘ identité.

This book has sought to answer the question of what the legal parameters are for the use of force in UN (mandated) peace operations tasked by the UN Security Council to protect civilians.

Following a series of humanitarian crises and dramatic failures of the international community to prevent mass atrocities from occurring, in 1999, the UN Security Council began adopting mandates in which it explicitly authorised UN (mandated) peace operations to ‘use all necessary means to protect civilians against the (imminent) threat of physical violence’ (by using exactly these terms or by using similar terms). Over the years, adopting PoC mandates has proven to be a ubiquitous tool eagerly used by the UN Security Council when implementing initiatives to maintain or restore international peace and security – seeking to draw particular attention to the protection of civilians. However, practice shows that many questions remain about the legality of using force within such operations. At its roots is a deep gap between international legal scholarship on the one hand and military doctrine and practice on the other. Academics are concerned with the strict legal rules as set forth by customary and conventional law, as well as general principles of law. Practitioners are concerned with the mission-specific PoC mandates and the strategic, operational, and tactical instruments that implement such a mandate.

En 50 ans, le droit franç ais de la famille a connu de profonds bouleversements dans tous ses aspects. C‘ est d‘ abord sur le plan des mé thodes de raisonnement et d‘élaboration des normes que l‘é volution se constate. Ensuite, la conjugalité s‘ est transformé e tant en consacrant de nouveaux modes de conjugalité qu‘ en faisanté voluer les droits des membres du couple. La parenté et la parentalité onté galement connu des changements majeurs au cours des derni e res dé cennies, tout comme le droit des personnes vulné rables. Le pré sent chapitre retrace cesé volutions en se focalisant sur certaines d‘ entre elles.

1. THE EVOLUTION OF FRENCH FAMILY LAW METHODS

1.1. THE INTRODUCTION OF THE ECHR‘ S PROPORTIONALITY TEST IN FRENCH FAMILY LAW

The development of fundamental rights in the aftermath of World War II and the construction, on a European scale, of mechanisms guaranteeing their legal protection have, over the past 50 years, contributed to creating porosity between civil and common law legal systems. The growing infl uence of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) has led French law to adapt to new legal rules, including in family law, via abundant and regular litigation under Article 8 ECHR, which guarantees the right to private and family life. Various decisions from the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), on issues ranging from assisted reproductive technologies and surrogacy to modes of partnership (from civil partnerships to same-sex marriage), and to the rights of illegitimate children and the protection of vulnerable individuals, have been major factors infl uencing family law reform. The ECtHR decisions, though sometimes encountering resistance and always sparking significant legal debate, have gradually caused French family law to evolve.