This chapter examines how groups respond to disadvantage, beginning with a discussion of the various ways intergroup inequality manifests across three levels: material (e.g. violence, segregation), symbolic (e.g., stereotypes, devaluation), and systemic (e.g., biased judicial systems). The chapter emphasises the real and diverse impacts of these disadvantages on everyday lives. Further, this chapter explores individual and collective reactions to disadvantage, from acceptance and minimisation to social mobility and reappraisal of group differences. Collective responses, such as social creativity and mobilisation, are highlighted as vital for resilience and social change. The factors are discussed that influence disadvantaged groups’ choice of responses, including individual factors, social support and ‘intersectionalities’ – being part of multiple groups. The chapter also suggests that individual and societal levels of analysis influence internal group dynamics and the effectiveness of collective actions.

Chapter 9’s case study of a major market-driven development project in Baltimore, the Port Covington project, explores how racial segregation and economic segregation are implicitly assumed to be normal parts of zoning’s spatial ordering of American cities. Inner cities are now places where private developers in a global neoliberal economy seek to use both public and private investments to create new exclusive, elite spaces for higher wealth consumers. Port Covington, a forty-two-block multi-use redevelopment of a vacant industrial site, is one such example on a massive scale. Although Baltimore’s relatively weak inclusionary zoning ordinance forced the developers to agree to include a limited number of affordable housing units in its new development plan, there were no discussions about whether or how to remedy Baltimore’s racialized geography and its legal and policy history of segregation, exclusion, and unequal opportunity. Major land-use decisions should not only embrace mixed-income and mixed-use policy goals but also government-provided affordable housing units and robust inclusionary measures to redress the subordinating dynamics of entrenched structural racism in local zoning.

This paper critically examines the (legal) implications and synergies between One Health and the UN Animal Welfare Nexus Resolution. Firstly, it elucidates the emergence of the UN Animal Welfare Nexus Resolution, which is mainly a result of a strong collaboration between several African nations. Secondly, this chapter explores intersections between One Health and the UN Animal Welfare Nexus Resolution, elaborating on key issues such as the global animal welfare gap, the lack of UN institutionalisation and the need to surpass the environment–animal dichotomy. In the penultimate section, a state of play on the implementation status of the Nexus Resolution will be covered. The overall aim of this paper is to contribute to the ongoing discourse on global health by highlighting the intricate relationship between One Health and animal welfare governance. It underscores the importance of holistic and interdisciplinary approaches to address complex health challenges, while also recognizing the intrinsic value of animals in achieving sustainable development goals and ensuring the well-being of present and future generations.

Intracultural ethnographic research involves studying the flows of culture(s) in all its different expressions – national, occupational, functional, and so on – as they function, co-evolve, and affect the day-to-day lives of individuals within a single organization. The focus here is on the internal organizational challenges and dynamics that are ubiquitous to such complex cultural contexts as foreign direct investments, cross-national mergers and acquisitions, and international joint ventures. The micro context of these kinds of organizations is in fact the global meeting ground where people experience the everyday challenges of working with diverse Others in today’s culturally complex world. Part I of this book explores the challenges and opportunities facing organizations when there are competing national cultural assumptions around how work is done, language differences, and multiple sources of power and influence.

This chapter reads scenes of judging and judgment in Samuel Richardson’s Sir Charles Grandison (1753–54) in the context of debates about the nature and scope of equity as well as the value and limits of the laws regulating familial relations. Through Sir Charles’s and Harriet’s interventions in disputes concerning marriage, custody, and inheritance, the novel affirms the value of equity as the basis for judgments in the Court of Chancery while showing the need to apply equitable principles to everyday life. The central principle underlying Richardson’s equitable jurisprudence is impartiality. Sir Charles’s and Harriet’s ability to assume other perspectives allows them to mediate conflicts in fair and flexible ways without issuing arbitrary or subjective decisions. Richardson’s commitment to equity shapes his experiments with epistolary form, prompting readers to examine conflicts from multiple points of view. Through his accounts of domestic disputes and his formal experiments, Richardson shows the need to extend the era’s equity jurisprudence to rectify injustices enshrined in and fostered by English common and statutory law.

In today’s globalized world, a deep understanding of how culture affects international business phenomena is critical to scholarship and practice. Yet, armed with only superficial measures of national cultural differences, scholars and practitioners find themselves stereotype rich and operationally poor where culture meets real-world international business context. “Culture” is substantially more complex than this, made up of multiple interacting cultural spheres (national, regional, institutional, organizational, functional) that are differentially enacted by individuals many of whom are multicultural themselves. Settings in international business are therefore rife with multilevel cultural interactions as individuals with diverging cultural assumptions are brought together in real time (often virtually) across distance and differentiated contexts. This coursebook on ethnography in IB is the first of its kind, offering students, academics, and executives a way to study, understand, reduce uncertainty about, and make the most of the effects of culture in today’s global and multicultural business contexts.

Assembling India’s Constitution offers a new history and a new paradigm for understanding the making of the Indian constitution, as it emerged outside the Constituent Assembly, driven by diverse publics across the breadth and length of India’s territory and even beyond it. The book is based on a wide range of new archival materials from across India and the world. We reveal the existence of multiple, parallel constitution making processes underway across the subcontinent, showing that the Indian constitution was not, as it has been assumed, solely an elite exercise anchored in the Constituent Assembly in Delhi. We reimagine and reconstruct the constitution making altogether, foregrounding public constitutional practice and politics as a key to sustaining the constitution and its vision. In doing so, we challenge conventional chronology of constitutional development and pluralise the sources and nature of India’s constitutional law and politics. We argue that the making of the Indian constitution entailed a process of fitting together – assembling – disparate and simultaneous constitution making efforts across the country.

Chapter 12 examines international environmental issues as they intersect with trade issues. We analyze the case law produced by the World Trade Organization (WTO) in various disputes in which the prerogative of free trade stumbled over the regulatory measures that states have enacted to protect endangered species and human health. Some of the cases that have made headlines include national measures to protect the dolphins when fishing for tuna; restricting the use of growth hormones in cattle; and the regulation of GM products. This chapter demonstrates how international environmental law has had a lasting impact on trade law and how it has helped refashion the notion of free trade.

This chapter exposes some concrete and contemporary manifestations of the epistemology of the secret of international law. It particularly sheds light on the way in which the postulation of a hidden, unknown, invisible content as well as the experience of the necessity to reveal such content play out in international legal thought and practice, for the sake of ordering what can be said, thought, perceived and actioned through international law. The chapter then illustrates how such two necessities come to enable a mass production of speech materials which, in turn, determines what can possibly be said, thought, perceived and actioned through international law.

This chapter provides a bird’s eye view of the landscape of laws that can deliver the CIRCle Framework functions of conceptualization, information, regulatory intervention, and coordination to address cumulative environmental problems. Its scope is broad, covering traditional and customary laws; environmental impact assessment and strategic environmental assessment; natural resources, land use planning, conservation, pollution, and other environment-related laws; and broader areas of public law, including constitutional environmental rights. It also discusses the way international treaties and development bank policies deal with cumulative impacts. The chapter provides a simple compass for navigating this landscape: considering whether the dominant focus of the law is a matter of concern that is threatened by cumulative impacts (e.g., environmental justice, national parks), impacts (e.g., environmental impact assessment, water pollution), or activities (e.g., road construction, mining), or whether it instead indirectly influences a cumulative environmental problem (e.g., laws for intergovernmental coordination).

This chapter lays the intellectual groundwork for understanding relations between and within groups, exploring key psychological theories in intergroup relations and group processes. We discuss psychological theories and concepts such as evolution, relative deprivation, Realistic Conflict Theory (RCT) and Social Identity Theory (SIT), and contextualise the importance of intergroup relations by addressing their darker elements (e.g. prejudice, discrimination and conflict) and their potential for fostering peace and cooperation. The chapter then outlines key concepts in the study of group processes, discussing how groups act collectively and how norms are formed. It explores the role of social identity in individuals’ alignment with group norms and how leadership works from both individual and group-based perspectives. While individuals make decisions, groups act too, and group dynamics constrain or empower individuals’ agency. The chapter concludes by preparing readers to understand how new information, norms and leader-follower relations collectively drive system change, setting the stage for the following chapters.

Strategic ethnography is an approach to organizational learning where a firm utilizes its internal human resources as insider-ethnographers to reflect upon their own operations and organizational culture. This kind of ethnography is distinct from intracultural and transcultural ethnography where the researcher is an organizational outsider. Here the ethnographic exercise is performed proactively by organizational insiders and designed to feed into the firm’s strategic mission to facilitate global integration, innovation, growth, and renewal.

Chapter 8 urges us to focus less on the spatial distributions and concentrations of people of different races in cities and more on the effects of concentrated members of racial minorities living in neighborhoods of concentrated poverty. From a “neighborhoods effects” analysis, some of the worst land-use injustice is the inequality of opportunity that comes from African Americans and Latines growing up in and living in high-poverty neighborhoods with poor housing, high crime, and low-quality schools. Public policy is failing because neither our research nor our policy solutions center on the relationships between race and poverty, instead often using race-only measures of segregation, or on the characteristics of neighborhoods that cause them to succeed or fail in ensuring equal opportunities for their residents, including neighborhood-specific crime data and comprehensive understandings of the residents’ everyday lives. The chapter calls for multi-faceted policies that address a range of interconnected factors, including the rising cost of housing, barriers to housing mobility, and the conditions of high-poverty neighborhoods affecting life opportunities for their residents.

Following their indentureship, Africans continued to exercise economic and cultural autonomy by migrating to Trinidad for higher wages - establishing relationships with the larger Yoruba community there and impacting the local development of African work. Liberated Africans in Grenada also practised African- derived traditions and organised themselves in ethnically defined communities. Chapter 6 maintains that rather than assimilating into the African Grenadian population and losing their separate histories and identities, liberated Africans remained a distinctive category from the descendants of formerly enslaved Africans, in part because of their post-indenture experiences. In their resolve to resist labouring on plantations, recaptured Africans formed independent communities, pursued independent economic activities, migrated to Trinidad for higher wages, and recreated and practised African cultures. Their strategic decisions, along with sugar's decline after 1834, ultimately led to the failure of the African immigration scheme and laid the conditions for the establishment of African work.

Australia’s World Heritage-listed Great Barrier Reef experiences cumulative impacts from diverse activities, including regional catchment-sourced water pollution and the impacts of climate change. Regulating these threats engages a wide range of laws for intervention, which have been influenced by a regulatory mechanism for information – a strategic environmental assessment (SEA) undertaken a decade ago at the request of UNESCO. This chapter explores how the strategic assessment and associated interventions influence impacts from two major activities that contribute to water pollution and climate change – cattle grazing and coal mining. It shows that regulatory SEA can provide for entrenching and integrating ongoing information collection, analysis, and sharing. Moreover, SEA can directly influence diverse regulatory interventions to address cumulative impacts. It can link the functions of information and intervention, two of the regulatory functions advanced by this book’s CIRCle Framework. At the same time, opportunities remain to build stronger links between interventions for water quality and climate adaptation, and between climate change mitigation interventions and the Reef context.