This chapter summarizes and brings together all the work conducted in the book. It offers an answer to the original question concerning what it meant to be Assyrian in the second millennium bce and how this changed over time.

Chapter 1 takes Gertrude Stein’s visit to the recently incorporated “Indian Territory” of Oklahoma as an opportunity to reread her geographical histories of the United States from a point in Native space. It contrasts Stein’s love for state lines with the writings of Yankton Dakota writer Zitkála-Šá. Her autobiographical essays of the early twentieth century contain shadow maps of Očhéthi Šakówin, or The Great Sioux Nation. They complicate Stein’s excitement over how the airplane makes patchwork earth look like an official US map. By reading contrapuntally between Stein and Zitkála-Šá, this chapter considers autobiography as a contested genre of cartographic literature. In response to technics of automated transport, the form was retooled by Stein and Zitkála-Šá in ways that make the overlap of US geography and Native space visible as a differential space.

The essentially “Bloomsbury” features of the modern novel include the effort to find a significant form for personal relationships, innovations in the representation of gender and sexuality, and the cultivation of aesthetic environments. But Bloomsbury’s signature contribution to literary modernity is “the Bloomsbury voice.” Unlike other more radical forms of narration, the Bloomsbury voice (in novels by Virginia Woolf, E. M. Forster, Mulk Raj Anand, and Desmond McCarthy) bespeaks a residual commitment to history and a nostalgic faith in public authority. However, the Bloomsbury voice of historical authority engages ironically with history in crisis, and the result is not only quintessentially Bloomsbury but also a narrative mode more generally well suited to registering the crisis of modernity itself.

The standardisation of English spelling is a complex process which started in late Middle English and extended throughout the early modern period. This chapter focuses on the initial stages in the fifteenth century. After an overview of the linguistic and socio-historical contexts, the models and approaches prevailing from the mid twentieth century are examined. Special attention is given to the adoption of key sociolinguistic conceps in recent research projects ―focusing, levelling, koineisation and supralocalisation― and to the application of the historical sociolinguistic methodology as a clear way forward in the analysis and interpretation of this issue.

This chapter develops the theory of social categories, a new theoretical framework that offers a universal prism through which to understand all social groups. The theory builds on work in social psychology and sociology.

Many of the psychological topics we have discussed have focused on the mind of the individual, but humans are a fundamentally social species. Recently, the nature of our social interactions has transformed, through our new abilities to connect with people online. This chapter discusses psychological principles of social networks, and how to quantify social networks via graph theory. The chapter examines the small-world phenomenon and the role of social ties via these graph theory measures. We then look at the case of online social networks, what can be learned about you from your profile, and how their use impacts psychological measures. The chapter concludes by showcasing findings on social network representations in the brain, and touching on ethical questions related to social media privacy concerns and AI-based social interactions.

This chapter provides an overview of some of the key practice strategies that social workers use to try to challenge and arrest the massive social inequalities we explored in the previous chapters. The theory and practices of critical social work help us to devise creative and effective ways to contest and resist the harms created by oppressive social forces. Developing our capacity for critical analysis is an important first step that underpins all other practices outlined in this chapter: social policy analysis and development; social activism, allyship and participation in social movements; critical practice in organisations; and undertaking social research. These practices connect practitioners with discretionary spaces in which they can work towards social justice and emancipatory aims.

Exploration of planetary bodies beyond Earth is occurring at an ever-increasing rate. What used to be points of light in the night sky are now amazing, complicated, and intriguing objects of geologic study. For extraterrestrial bodies with solid surfaces – such as rocky planets, asteroids, and icy bodies – the study of planetary bodies as geologic objects includes careful scrutiny of their surfaces. Planetary exploration is an examination of geomorphology, as our interpretations of other planetary surfaces are largely guided by geomorphic studies done on Earth. At the same time, planetary landforms developed in different geologic conditions than on Earth – such as under different gravities, in different materials (like ice instead of rock), and beneath different atmospheric pressures or compositions.

This chapter illustrates that various geomorphic processes observed on Earth occur on other planets as well, and also how the resultant landforms contrast with those found on Earth.

The English language is generally discussed publicly with reference to an ideologically constructed correct form. Such discourses first emerged in the eighteenth century forming part of a long process of language standardisation, a process associated with major political imperatives. Standard language ideologies, articulated and maintained by powerful social groups, vary in different nations. Distinctive British and American ideologies are associated with critical points in national histories, and have the effect of disadvantaging specific social groups by disparaging their language varieties. Rather than being dismissed as examples of ill-informed misunderstanding of the nature of language promoted by powerful speakers for their own purposes, such ideologies can be considered more broadly as part of a larger set of perspectives on language articulated by language users, intimately connected not only with vested social and political interests but with explaining connections between language and the social world or describing its structure systematically.

This chapter explores the relationship between international organizations and the market. It starts by building a taxonomy of the types of relationships these organizations can establish with the market. The taxonomy distinguishes between two main types of relationships: the direct institutional relationship, where the market is part of the organizations’ institutional mission, and the indirect instrumental relationship, which arises as a consequence of the organizations’ instrumental activities, such as procurement. This distinction is based on indices that define the characteristics of each relationship, including function, market players and their roles, values and interests and economic impact. Building on this distinction, the analysis identifies the instruments – regulatory tools and practices – through which organizations impact the market and examines the issue of the organizations’ accountability within this relationship. It concludes that the current accountability tools are inadequate and create a temporal dissonance between international organizations and the changed ethos of public powers. The perpetuation of this dissonance is not only relevant to the legitimacy of organizations but also to their very existence. An awareness and understanding of the relationship between international organizations and the market is the first step in seeking an alignment of international organizations to the current public powers’ ethos.

Chapter 3 explains how various early modern English governments and authors extended the medieval discourse of sovereignty to support claims to jurisdictional superiority and expansive unions. It begins with an overview of governmental claims, especially in relation to Scotland, and then assesses their impact on political writing through John Dee’s Brytanici Imperii Limites and Robert Persons’s A Conference About the Next Succession to the Crowne of Ingland. The chapter subsequently examines historiographical and literary texts that echo or interrogate sovereignty discourse, using William Harrison’s Description of Britain and Edmund Spenser’s epic romance The Faerie Queene as examples. Harrison’s history reiterates governmental claims and dismisses any possibility of equal union with other polities. Spenser’s Faerie Queene also generally endorses English empire. Only his Two Cantos of Mutabilitie expose the discourse’s shortcomings and gesture, however tentatively, toward the possibility of a politics not shaped by competing narratives of conflict.

Chapter 5 begins by reading Willa Cather’s The Professor’s House as an experiment in cinematic projection, a phantasmagoric erasure of the means of projection. I compare Cather’s cartographic romance to that of Robert and Frances Flaherty’s Moana of the South Seas, the first film to be called “documentary.” Both the Flahertys and Cather mark US national space against the anachronism of the remote island. Spinning this view around, I tell the story of Fialelei, who served as producer and translator for the Flahertys in Sāmoa. She also accompanied them to the United States, and her voyage embodies the Samoan principle of the Vā, or “space-between.” This Oceanian counterpoint provides a new position for studying the role of cinematic fantasy in isolating the “primitive” from “civilized,” and projecting the former onto the “insular.”