State responsibility — Kinds of — For taking of, or interference with, property — Expropriation for purposes of national defence — Meaning of “effective compensation” — Tender of compensation in currency of expropriating State.

State responsibility — Kinds of — For taking of, or interference with, property — Restrictions and regulations imposed under Soviet nationalization decree — Whether amounting to a taking of bank deposits — Soviet Decree of 1917 nationalizing Russian-owned banks — Effect on foreign-owned branches in Russia — Confiscation of pledged securities — Claim based on deprivation of remedy to apply securities in satisfaction of original obligation.

State responsibility — Damages — Measure of — Indirect damages — Costs of preparation of claim — Whether recoverable under United States International Claims Settlement Act, 1949.

State responsibility — Kinds of — For taking of, or interference with, property — Prohibition on doing business — Whether a “taking” of property — Forced sale — Requirement that price received must have been less than actual value of the property — Burden of proof.

State responsibility — Kinds of — For taking of, or interference with, property — Expropriation — Requirement of effective compensation — Payment of less than the value of property taken — Payment into blocked account in currency of expropriating State.

State responsibility — Damages — Measure of — Indirect damages — Nationalization of company — Valuation of shares — Book value at time of purchase shortly before nationalization — Relation of book value to purchase price — Whether purchase price can be considered as fair value — Set — off — Partial compensation received from another source.

State responsibility — Kinds of — For taking of, or interference with, property — Creditors' rights — Debts due to aliens from nationalized corporation — Debts annulled by nationalization decree — Liability of nationalizing Government — Soviet Decree of March 4, 1919 — Denial of justice — Repudiation of Government's own obligation — Interference with contractual relations — Effect of nationalization of corporation party to contract — Frustration and termination of contract — Contract not perpetuated for benefit of nationalizing Government — Whether nationalizing State responsible — Whether a taking of property.

State responsibility — Kinds of — For taking of, or interference with, property — Confiscation of currency — Russian currency confiscated at time when it had no value — Responsibility of Soviet Government — Imperial Russian Treasury Bills circulating on a par with currency — As result of Soviet Government Order, 1918 — Whether Bills to be treated as currency — Loss of goodwill as result of nationalization of company — Whether compensable — Relevance of possibility of accurate determination of loss — Valuation of confiscated property — Machinery — Allowance for depreciation — Furniture and equipment — Relevance of length of period of use prior to confiscation.

State responsibility — Kinds of — For taking of, or interference with, property — Control of property acquired by Government of Rumania during war — Property later taken by occupation authorities — Finally acquired by Government of Rumania — Whether a taking for which Government of Rumania is responsible.

State responsibility — Claims — Miscellaneous — Municipal claims commissions — Law applied by — United States Foreign Claims Settlement Commission — Application of equity and justice.

State responsibility — Kinds of — For taking of, or interference with, property — Annulment of insurance contracts — Suits by policy-holders against insurance company based on annulled contracts — Subsequent claim by insurance company against Government which annulled contracts for recovery of legal fees and expenses connected with such suits — United States International Claims Settlement Act, 1949, Section 305 (a) (2) — Whether claim compensable under that section — Valuation of company's business — Offset — Reduction of liabilities by amount paid by company in settlement of such suits and for claims on annulled policies — Application of equity and justice by United States Foreign Claims Settlement Commission.

State responsibility — Claims — Assignment of — Rule of nationality of claims — Assignment to national by non — national.

State responsibility — Kinds of For taking of, or interference with, property Confiscation — Creditor's rights — Annulment of debts and prohibition of enforcement of creditor's rights — Whether a denial of justice — Moment of confiscation — Relevance of date of decree under which property taken — Relevance of date when Government physically took possession of property.

State responsibility — Claims — Assignment of — Re — assignment of part of claim — Award limited to proportion retained by original assignee.

State responsibility — Kinds of — Responsibility for debts — Repudiation of Imperial Russian Government Bonds by Soviet Government in 1918 — Whether Soviet Government liable for coupons payable after date of repudiation.

State responsibility — Kinds of — Responsibility for debts — Repudiation of State bonds — Repudiation of Imperial Russian Government Bonds by Soviet Government in 1918 — Claim based on coupons detached from such bonds and payable after date of repudiation — Whether Soviet Government liable.

Consuls — Position and functions of — Vice — Consul a national of receiving State — Contract for legal services between Vice — Consul and Government of sending State — Responsibility of sending State for breaches of such contract.

State responsibility — Kinds of — Responsibility for breaches of contractual obligations — Contract for legal services — Claim for attorney's fee.

Aliens — Position of — Protection by national State — Corporations — Requirement that share capital must be owned by nationals of protecting State — British practice.

State responsibility — Kinds of — Responsibility for breaches of contractual obligations — Annulment of contractual obligations incurred by predecessor Government — Penalty deductions improperly made by Imperial Russian Government under contracts with foreign company — Soviet Decree of 1919 annulling claims upon the State in connection with First World War — Claim by foreign company to recover improper penalty payments.

State responsibility — Kinds of — Responsibility for acts or omissions of revolutionary Governments — Contracts concluded by revolutionary Government with alien — Whether subsequent Government liable for debts due under such contracts after failure of revolution — Responsibility of Soviet Government for debts incurred by Kolchak-Siberian Government.

State responsibility — Claims — In general — Indirect interest in foreign company through stockholders' pool — Claim based on nationalization of company.

State responsibility — Claims — In general — Evidence — Proof of national ownership of bonds — Evidence of location of bonds within respondent State after date of repudiation — Whether continuous ownership by national of claimant State may be presumed.

State responsibility — Claims — In general — Valuation of property — Remainderman's interest in real property subject to usufruct — Use of life and actuarial tables.

State responsibility — Kinds of — For taking of, or interference with, property — Forced sales of property to Government at prices fixed by Government — Prices substantially lower than value of property — Whether a "taking" within United States International Claims Settlement Act, 1949, Section 303.

State responsibility — Claims — In general — Valuation of property — Rights and concessions to exploit reserves of crude oil and gas — Engineering method of valuation — Rights and concessions relating to undeveloped acreage — Requirement that rights must have proved of predictable value — Burden of proof — Valuation of non-negotiable bonds with principal and interest in default.

State responsibility — Claims — Nationality of — Requirement that claim must be continuously owned by national of claimant State — Claim of national company through interest in non — national company — Limitation of award to percentage of national interest in non — national company.

State responsibility — Claims — In general — Valuation of property — Shares — Valuation by reference to total value of assets of company — Use of balance sheet valuations — Conversion of values from foreign currency into national currency — Rate of exchange — Appropriate date — Whether same date appropriate for fixed and current assets.

State responsibility — Kinds of — For taking of, or interference with, property — Closure of branches of foreign bank — Consequential losses — Expenses of repatriating staff — Legal expenses connected with suits by customers of bank — Non — payment of drafts of customers forwarded to foreign branches for collection — Whether such claims allowable under United States International Claims Settlement Act, 1949.

State responsibility — Claims — In general — Settlement of — Agreement between claimant State and respondent State “preparatory to a final settlement” — Litvinov Assignment, 1933, between Governments of United States of America and U.S.S.R. — Effect upon claims of United States nationals — Awards under United States International Claims Settlement Act, 1949, paid out of funds assigned to United States Government under Litvinov Assignment — Preservation of rights of claimants and of United States notwithstanding such awards.