Patients with serious mental illness have lower life expectancy and higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome compared to normal population. Although, we have little evidence about their first-degree relatives.

To compare metabolic syndrome in patients with bipolar disorder treated with atypical antipsychotics, their first degree relatives and healthy subjects in two age groups: under and over 40.

This cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 patients with bipolar disorder treated with atypical antipsychotics, 50 first degree relatives and 135 healthy subjects. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was assessed based on National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP).

Under the age of 40, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 15.4% in patients with Bipolar disorder, 17.6% in first degree relatives and 7% in healthy subjects. Systolic blood pressure was significantly higher in bipolar disorder patients (P = 0.004). In those over 40, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 31.8% in patients with bipolar disorder, 33.3% in first-degree relatives and 32.8% in healthy subjects. Serum levels of HDL were significantly lower in bipolar disorder patients (P = 0.002).

Patients with bipolar disorder and their first-degree relatives have greater chance for cardiovascular disease due to higher metabolic syndrome. Further investigations are needed for evaluating serious mental illness patients and their relatives.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

There are two edifices left to represent one of the most impressive cultural monuments of mental homes in Middle-Europe. the destruction of these historical buildings is intended to establish a modern “Translational Research Centre”.

To outline the significance of the asylum in the history of psychiatric architecture.

To appreciate the first Bavarian mental home.

Study of literature.

The British philosopher Jeremy Bentham is considered to be the founder of the panoptical (“invisible from all around”) concept in architecture. Several panoptical asylums have been built in Great Britain. in France, Italy and Germany a unique exemplar was realized. as the entire ward could be checked from a central room, the possibility of optimal surveillance of the patients was given and the minimisation of staff was enabled. in contrast to the emergent industrial cities (e.g. Nürnberg, Fürth, Schwabach) Erlangen disposed of enough building ground. There, J.M. Leupold (1794-1874) gave a lecture on the new establishing medical department of psychiatry. Thanks to his advice the project of the first Bavarian mental home could be completed within 12 years. the cruciform floor plan was supplemented by cross buildings, which constituted a relevant modification of the panoptical system. Concerning the extension of buildings (1874-1879) the internationally appreciated “system of pavillons” was realized and could be used by university since 1903.

As the TRC-project may serve as a document for future medical progress, it is important to remember the “Kreis-Irrenanstalt Erlangen” as a milestone in the evolution of psychiatric architecture.

Impairment of executive function is the fundamental feature of the cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia has to be measured throughout the illness regularly. Computerized technologies for assessment of cognitive dysfunction are widely used. However, their applicability in hospitalized schizophrenic patients setting should be specially examined.

Executive function in schizophrenia.

To test the applicability of “CANTAB” neurocognitive battery for measurement of executive function in young hospitalized schizophrenic patients in Russian sample.

Fifteen inpatients diagnosed with schizophrenia according to ICD-10 (F 20.хх), 13 males and 2 females, aged 23.5(SD 3.2), disease duration is 5(SD 1.6) years and 16 healthy individuals, 7 males and 9 females, aged 21.3(SD 0.7). Spatial Working Memory (SWM) (Mnemonic Executive function), Stockings of Cambridge (OTS) (Planning Executive function), Intra/Extra-Dimensional Shift (IED) (Cognitive flexibility) were administered.

The majority of patients and controls easily understood the test instructions. Both groups did not have any difficulties with the touchpad. The “CANTAB” demonstrated sensitivity to the impairments of executive function. As a group, patients with schizophrenia performed significantly worse than controls on almost all tests: SWM–Between errors (P = 0.028), Total errors (P = 0.019), Strategy (P = 0.03), Mean time to last response (P = 0.001); OTS–Mean choices to correct (P = 0.044), Problems solved on first choice (P = 0.009), Probability of error given correct (P = 0.021); IED–Total errors (P = 0.015), Total trials (P = 0.002).

The “CANTAB” is an applicable instrument for assessment of the executive function in young hospitalized schizophrenic patients. It can be used both for experimental and clinical needs.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Depression is the most common mental health problem among older people, posing a critical impact on their well-being and the quality of life.

To estimate the prevalence and under diagnosis of depression in elderly, and to investigate the association with various factors.

Data on 239 members of “day care centres for older people” in the municipality of Patras, W-Greece, were recorded, including questions regarding self-reported and/or diagnosed depression (EHIS). Furthermore, the Greek version of the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15) was applied. the scores of GDS were compared to the corresponding EHIS answers and associated to various basic parameters.

The results of GDS indicated 45% having depression (36% moderate, 9% severe). Having ever been affected with chronic depression reported 49 (20.5%), out of them 34 (66.7%) were diagnosed by physician. in detail, out of the 162 (67.8%) subjects reporting never have been affected by depression, 37 (22.8) and 8 (4.9%) screened positive for moderate and severe depression, respectively. in 27 individuals who reported not to know if they have depression, 16 revealed depressive symptoms using the GDS. Depression is more frequent in women, in not married, including divorced and widowed, in subjects living alone at home (62% vs 38.1%, p = 0.003), and in elderly with chronic diseases (50.8% vs 27.5%, p = 0.02).

High prevalence of depressive symptoms in elderly population is evident, but rarely recognized. the systematic use of short GDS versions in primary care may increase detection rates of depression among the elderly.

Early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) are thought to act as templates for information processing that influence individuals’ emotional reactions to life satisfaction.

Thus,the main purpose of the present study was to predict Life Satisfaction with respect to early maladaptive schemas among Iranian college students.

The research population consisted of 1700 students. Three hundred undergraduate students (150 female and 150 male) selected by multiple cluster sampling method. Short questionnaire form of early maladaptive schema (YSQ-SF) and life satisfaction questionnaire were used in this study. For analyzing the data, Pearson correlation, Step wise regression and dependent t were used.

Results of correlation showed negative significant correlation between life satisfaction and early maladaptive schemas including emotional Depravation, Social isolation, Defectiveness/sham, failure, Dependence/incompetence

Vulnerability To harm illness, Subjugation, Self-sacrifice, Emotional inhibition, Unrelenting Standards /hyper criticalness and Insufficient Self-Control / Self-Discipline. Only three subscales Including Abandonment/ Instability, entitlement/ grandiosity, enmeshment/ undeveloped self, showed no significant correlation with life satisfaction. Result of regression analysis revealed that among 15 schemas, emotional Depravation, Defectiveness/sham and Dependence/incompetence schemas were best predictor of life satisfaction. In addition, the results indicated a significant difference between two groups of male and female students in subdivisions such as mistrust/abuse, failure, vulnerability to harm or illness, and unrelenting standards/hypocriticalness.

The findings of this study show that the assessment of EMS based on Young’s conceptualization of EMS can increase our understanding about students problems and interventions should be focused on changing these schemas.

Adolescents with Internet addiction were also shown to have higher scores in neuroticism and psychoticism temperament categories than those of the control group.

There is not a study in the literature addressing the correlation between affective temperament profiles and the Internet addiction.

Our aim was to compare the affective temperament profiles and emotional and behavioural characteristics of adolescents with or without the Internet addiction.

This is a descriptive and cross-sectional study. It was conducted in a high school. The study sample included 303 students. A sociodemographic characteristics data form, Internet Addiction Scale (IAS), The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (DSQ), and The Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego Autoquestionnaire (TEMPSA) were used to collect data.

Of the sample, 6.6% were found to be addicted to Internet. Having a computer in the home (p< 0.001) was found to be related with higher scores on the IAS. The prevalence rate of anxious temperament for Internet addicts was more than that for non-addicts (p< 0.001). Dysthymic (p< 0.01), cyclothymic (p< 0.01), hyperthymic (p< 0.01), irritable (p< 0.01), and anxious (p< 0.01) temperaments; conduct problems (p< 0.05), hyperactivity-inattention (p< 0.05), emotional symptoms (p< 0.05), and total difficulties (p< 0.01) were found to be correlated with IAS scores.

There is a relation between the Internet addiction and affective temperament profiles, especialy with anxious temperament. Furthermore, emotional and behavioural problems are more frequent in adolescents who have problematic Internet use.

Emerging evidence suggests that sedentary behaviour, specifically time spent taking part in screen-based activities, such as watching television, may be associated with mental health outcomes in young people [1]. However, recent reviews have found limited and conflicting evidence for both anxiety and depression [2].

The purpose of the study was to explore associations between screen time at age 16 years and anxiety and depression at 18.

Subjects (n = 1958) were from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), a UK-based prospective cohort study. We assessed associations between screen time (measured via questionnaire at 16 years) and anxiety and depression (measured in a clinic at 18 years using the Revised Clinical Interview Schedule) using ordinal logistic regression, before and after adjustment for covariates (including sex, maternal education, family social class, parental conflict, bullying and maternal depression).

After adjusting for potential confounders, we found no evidence for an association between screen time and anxiety (OR = 1.02; 95% CI 0.95–1.09). There was weak evidence that greater screen time was associated with a small increased risk of depression (OR = 1.05, 95% CI 0.98–1.13).

Our results suggest that young people who spend more time on screen-based activities may have a small increased risk of developing depression but not anxiety. Reducing youth screen time may lower the prevalence of depression. The study was limited by screen time being self-reported, a small sample size due to attrition and non-response, and the possibility of residual confounding. Reverse causation cannot be ruled out.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Meditation is frequently applied in Western as well as non-Western countries for different purposes; we know little about adverse events. The symptomatology of a meditation-related psychosis appears to show similarities with that we call “bouffée delirante”.

A female patient is described who developed an acute and transient psychosis with polymorphic symptomatology after meditating (Bikram-yoga). We made a literature search for psychotic states related to meditation.

There are some case reports of psychosis disorder induced by meditation. Some cultural syndromes like Qi-gong appear on DSM-IV as psychotic reaction. In this case, the syndrome is not culture bound.

Meditation can act as a stressor in vulnerable patients who may develop a transient psychosis with polymorphic symptomatology (confusion, pananxiety, mood swings and mood dystonic psychotic symptoms) with a short duration.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Suicide Prevention is an ongoing task for mental health services. This article describes a pilot program for suicide prevention that took place in two districts in Israel from 2009 to 2012. The program targeted specific population, patients in high-risk for suicide, without major mental illness or previous association with the mental health system. In that group many suicide attempts were due to stressful life events.

Patients who performed a suicide attempt or were considered high-risk for suicide were referred to the project. The first contact took place up to 24 h after the referral and included a phone call with suggestion for further intervention. If he was willing, the patient was invited to a serious of 8–12 meetings with a therapist that focused on “crisis intervention” techniques.

212 subjects were referred to the project. Three quarters of the referrals were females. Most of them were of Jewish nationality, however, the percentage of Druze in the program’s population was higher than their percentage of general population. Only 137 continued participation after the initial phone call, people of Jewish nationality were more willing to continue the intervention. During the intervention there was a decline in suicide rates in the participating districts.

The pilot program exhibits promising preliminary results, it is interesting to examine the difference in participation between different ethnic groups. Since the sample size is small, there is a need to continue the program on a larger scale.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Sexual dysfunction is an important under-estimated side effect of antidepressant drugs. Patients, in fact, if not directly questioned, tend to scarcely report them. Thus, the aim of the present meta-analysis is to quantify sexual dysfunction caused by antidepressants on the basis of studies where sexual functioning was purposely investigated through direct inquiry and specific questionnaires.

A literature search was conducted using Medline, Isi web of Knowledge and references of selected articles. Selected studies performed on patients without previous sexual dysfunction were entered in the Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager Software (RevMan version 4.2). Our primary outcome measure was the rate of total treatment emergent sexual dysfunction. Our secondary outcome measures were the rates of treatment emergent desire, arousal and orgasm dysfunction.

Our analyses indicated significantly higher rates of treatment emergent sexual dysfunction as well as specific phases dysfunction compared to placebo for the following drugs: citalopram, escitalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, sertraline, duloxetine, venlafaxine, clomipramine, imipramine and phenelzine, whereas no significant difference with placebo was found for the following antidepressants: amineptine, bupropion, moclobemide, mirtazapine and nefazodone. Nonetheless sufficient evidences (>100 subjects) are available only for bupropion, citalopram, fluoxetine, paroxetine, sertraline and venlafaxine.

Present evidence on treatment emergent sexual dysfunction caused by antidepressant is sufficiently studied only for few drugs. Furthermore some statistical limiting assumptions, as the inclusion of open label or small studies and the presence of an evident publication bias, could reduce the significativity of our findings. Thus, treatment emergent sexual dysfunction should be more deeply investigated.

To describe reasons for not seeking professional help at the age of 17-18 years, when a need for mental help is present.

In a person identifiable survey among 3278 Finnish adolescents 15-16 years old at baseline, reasons for not seeking professional help were studied among respondents of a two-year follow-up, who had reported a need for help for a mental health problem but had not sought professional help(n=128). The respondents were instructed to choose from the following list all alternatives describing their situation: thought that the symptoms will eventually alleviate anyway, unsure about who to turn to, felt too exhausted to get help, anxious of somebody finding out, negative experiences of dealing with health professionals, distrusted the effectiveness of professional help, turned to parents for help, parents estimated that there was no need for professional help, turned to friends for help,. friends estimated that there was no need for professional help.

The three most common reasons for not searching for professional help were, the notion that the symptoms would alleviate without help (71%), exhaustion (43%) and turning to friends for help (26%). Uncertainty about to whom to turn and exhaustion were more common among those with depression compared to those with no depression (33% vs 14%, p=0.025 and 55% vs 35%, p= 0.042).

Mental health literacy of late adolescents must be enhanced in order to make them take mental health problems seriously enough to get professional help.

Psilocybin is a psychedelic drug found in mushrooms, often referred to as magic mushrooms due to its visual and auditory hallucinations effects upon ingestion. It is a Schedule I drug per DEA, and the FDA has not approved psilocybin for medicinal purposes. However, recent studies have shown promising therapeutic use to treat depression.

To identify current use, prevalence, and its association with depression in adolescents.

The National Survey on Drug Use and Health survey data from 2008-18 studied adolescent data (12-17 years), who responded, “ever used psilocybin (mushrooms)” and “lifetime major depressive episode (MDE).” The association between the psilocybin use and MDE status was analyzed in SAS 9.4 through multivariate logistic regression for odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI).

A total of 172745 adolescents were included in this study, of which 2469 ever used psilocybin in their lifetime, and 170276 responded no lifetime use. The psilocybin ever lifetime users were 17 years old (42%vs.17%,p<0.001), male (60%vs.51%,p<0.001), and non-Hispanic White (71%vs.55%,p<0.001) in comparison to non-users. Among psilocybin user group, 31% of respondents had lifetime MDE, compared to 16% of the lifetime psilocybin non-user group participants (p<0.001). The odds of association of psilocybin use among participants with MDE were 2.17 times compared to those without MDE (CI: 1.93-2.44,p<0.001).

We identified a significant association between psilocybin use and MDE among adolescents, which raises public health concerns about its illegal use, abuse, and toxicity potential. Future clinical studies should assess its clinical safety, efficacy, and addictive properties.

No significant relationships.

The shift to the online world supported by parents who actively encourage children to remain in the home; and typically justify the purchase of new technologies because of the danger of outside spaces as well as the educational role they are expected to play. The prevalence of social networking sites has certain implications for identity .

Determining the dominance of social networking sites (which largely of course means Facebook and Twitter at present) in the lives of the majority of teenagers which involve them dealing with three key public elements – profiles, friends and comments – which all have implications for the performance of identity.

Explaining the ways to reduce the effects of social networks on the identity crisis of youths.

The study was carried out on 150 boys and 100 girls from 11 to 15 years of age studying in schools, in Hamedan. In the 4 months of October to January,2013, the students were asked to write the summary of subjects they communicate online and the time they spent averagely online.

70% of boys exchanged songs and videoclips and photos related to sports and cinema actors of which 40% were abnormal. 40% of girls exchanged fashion and songs. Only 20% of both sexes talked about their school subjects online.

Social phobia has driven children to have a hidden identity to let them enter virtual world which can destroy their natural and real identity. It is necessary to construct special chatrooms for students to get involved in scientific and social affairs freely.