Cancer survivors frequently report suffering from neurocognitive impairment, that persists after physical recovery from their disease. Cognitive impairment is associated with important emotional disturbances, socio-professional consequences and diminished quality of life.

This observational study aims to assess the effectives of an integrative neurocognitive remediation therapy (iNRCT), offered as a 12-week program (1day/week), organized within our Cognitive Remediation Clinic. The iNCRT combines personalized computerized cognitive training and neurocognitive strategy training, with group sessions of physical exercise, mindfulness, and cognitive behavior therapy (CBT).

The assessment before and after NCRT includes neuropsychological testing (10 subtests), assessment of daily functioning and subjective neurocognitive function (NCF).

Out of 16 eligible cancer survivors, 12 patients were recruited and 11 completed the iNCRT; median age 53 years [range, 41-71]; 3 patients had a prior history of a central nervous system tumor, 5 patients of breast cancer, 2 patients of stage-IV melanoma, and 1 patient of gastric cancer. After iNCRT subjective NCF did not improve significantly (p=0.13) according to the Cognitive Failure Questionnaire. However neuropsychological assessment revealed an improvement on ≥ 1 impaired subtest in all patients; 6 patients improved on ≥ 4 impaired subtests. Improvement was most prominent in long-term verbal and visual memory, working memory and executive function. All patients reported a clinical benefit in their daily function after completion of iNCRT.

Our iNRCT, which combines personalized neurocognitive training with physical exercise, mindfulness and CBT can be an effective therapeutic model for treating neurocognitive impairment in cancer survivors, with a clinically relevant impact on their daily function.

No significant relationships.

Even if breast cancer is a severe pathology that can cause the death of a person, nowadays there are effective screening methods that could help us to discover in due time the tumor formation and thus be able to benefit from conservative breast surgery.

Evaluating the feasible relationship between the noted levels of procrastination and the educational level of subjects

The analyzed group comprises a number of 152 female subjects (n=152). They were divided in three subgroups: subgroup I(26) composed of women with lower education, subgroup II(66), women with medium education level and subgroup III(60), women with higher education. A socio-demographic questionnaire and the Tuckman Procrastination Scale have been applied.

Comparing the three subgroups, the levels of procrastination were similar. Low levels of procrastination were most common in all three subgroups: in the subgroup I 57,69%, in the subgroup II 56,06% and in the subgroup III 53,33%. Average procrastination levels were observed in 34,61% of women in subgroup I, 42,42% of women in subgroup II and 45% of women in subgroup III. Concerning high levels of procrastination we can affirm that they involve a small number of subjects. Measuring the degree of connection between the two variables, we obtained as a result r=0.13, which means a very weak, non-existent correlation.

The study revealed that there is no relationship between the level of education and the levels of procrastination that include postponing the presentation to the doctor.

No significant relationships.

Cancer is the second major cause of death among people with psychotic disorders. With the same incidence, mortality in these patients remains higher than in the general population. As stigma has been identified as a risk factor for excess mortality, we focused on oncologists’ beliefs and attitudes towards people with psychotic disorders.

The aim of this study was to uncover physicians’ representations about the impact of psychosis on oncological care.

In this qualitative study, individual semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 physicians working in oncology in the University Hospital of Brest (France). Transcribed interviews were thematically analyzed. This study meets the COREQ criteria.

Psychosis is described as a broad-spectrum condition whose severity ranges from the “mild” patient with imperceptible abnormality to the “severe” patient with cognitive and affective deficits. Oncologists identified behavioral and emotional symptoms which may modify the patient-physician relationship with difficulties to interact. Some of them consider that these patients are not interested in their health and will not get involved in oncological care. While the psychotic disorder is not considered as a limiting factor per se, oncologists felt concerned about being stigmatizing. They mentioned different aspects (like anticipation of non-compliance or inability to get help) that lead to changes in conventional treatment regimens and may result in a loss of opportunity.

Oncologists’ beliefs may lead to stigmatizing attitudes towards people with psychotic disorders who may not be given the best possible chances. Thus, these specific elements should be the basis for collaboration between psychiatrists and oncologists.

No significant relationships.

Paraneoplastic syndromes (PS) result from indirect effects of neoplasms. In 50% of the cases the symptoms precede the diagnosis and run independently. PS may involve the peripheral or central nervous system, resulting in symptoms from sensory neuropathies to several neuropsychiatric manifestations.

To review the psychiatric manifestations of paraneoplastic syndromes affecting the nervous system.

Selective literature review via PubMed search, using the keywords “paraneoplastic syndromes”, “endrocrine paraneoplastic syndromes”, “neuropsychiatric manifestations”, “limbic encephalitis”.

The prevalence of PS varies with the type of cancer (<1% for breast and ovarian cancers; 3-5% for small cell lung cancer; 20% for thymomas). The general mechanisms behind PS are related to the production of substances by the tumor that directly or indirectly cause distant symptoms, the depletion of substances or the host response to the tumor. Frequently there are autoimmune phenomena involved, with the production of antineuronal antibodies that recognise various antigens at the nervous system. Paraneoplastic neurological disorders include limbic encephalits that can present subacutely with symptoms of depression, irritability, hallucinations, cognitive impairment associated with sleep alterations, confusion and seizures. Others include psoclonus-myoclonus ataxia syndrome, neuromyotonia and cramp fasciculation syndrome. Metabolic and endocrine paraneoplastic syndromes (hypercortisolism, carcinoid tumors, pancreatic cancer) can result from the production of cytokines and hormones by the tumor and produce mood disorders, confusional states and psychosis.

PS can be related to various neuropsychiatric manifestations affecting consciousness, cognition, mood and perception. The recognition of this association can alert for the possibility of a cancer diagnosis specially when facing a patient with unusual clinical presentation.

No significant relationships.

Breast cancer is a serious public health problem and one out of every 4 women diagnosed with cancer is breast cancer. Although the survival rate has increased due to advances in diagnosis and treatment, getting a cancer diagnosis is a highly stressful life event and seriously affects the lives of patients.

Therefore, the aim of this qualitative study is to explore the experiences of women with breast cancer.

Data were gathered using semi-structured forms, in-depth interviews with 7 patients aged between 29 and 64 who had been diagnosed with breast cancer in 2017 and after. All interviews were tape-recorded and the themes have resulted in analyzing the content of the recorded data.

It has been determined that women have difficulties in getting information from healthcare professionals, emotional supports from their partners and family members, dealing with losses in roles and femininity, and coping with intrusive thoughts. However, it has been highlighted that women have experienced some positive changes in certain areas such as deeper interpersonal relationships with others, appreciating health and life.

As a result of the study, it has been thought that it is important to reduce the distress level of women with breast cancer related to their needs and difficulties and to encourage their positive changes. Besides, working in cooperation with healthcare professionals responsible for their treatment will be beneficial to reduce the distress level of the women.

No significant relationships.

Chronic pain has a significant impact on individuals’ daily lives, and its control is essential for improving quality of life. In this sense, the practice of Mindfulness is a useful non-pharmacological technique for self-management of chronic pain.

This study aims to identify the level of knowledge regarding the effectiveness of Mindfulness for self-control of pain by people with chronic pain.

A cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of 23 adults with chronic pain. The online survey assessed sociodemographic characterization, Brief Pain Inventory, and knowledge/opinion about the effectiveness of mindfulness strategies.

The sample consisted mostly of middle-aged women, with family support, employed and with higher academic qualifications. 47.8% of the sample had experienced pain for over 20 years with the most prevalent diagnosis being fibromyalgia. The average intensity of chronic pain corresponded to moderate pain and the level of acceptance of it was low, interfering in instrumental activities of daily life. Although they had never tried the technique, most of the sample knew what mindfulness consisted of, considering it as a viable option for self-management of chronic pain. Moderate and positive correlations were found between the level of acceptance of pain and greater availability for the practice of mindfulness (rho=.137; p<.001), the same happened between satisfaction with the practice of mindfulness and self-control of pain (rho=.259; p<.001).

Our findings outline the need to include non-pharmacological measures such as mindfulness in therapeutic schemes for chronic pain management, given the manifest interest of this population.

No significant relationships.

Chronic pain syndrome is still one of the leading complaints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Study the relationship between chronic pain syndrome of different duration and the level of anxiety disorders.

Clinical and psychophysiological examination of 76 patients with RA was carried out, the average age was 42.4 ± 7.2 years. The severity of pain syndrome was determined on the VAS scale, the level of anxiety by the Spielberger-Hanin technique

Analysis of pain syndrome according to YOUR revealed higher rates (p < 0, () 1) in patients with shorter periods of disease: up to 12 months and more than 12 months: 66.0 ± 1.5 mm and 61.9 ± 1.5 mm, respectively, than in patients with a longer period of war - more than 3 years (53.7 ± 1.0 mm). Psychophysiological examination of RA patients revealed anxiety spectrum disorders in 53 (69.7%) patients. The severity of anxiety disorders was different depending on the duration of the chronic pain syndrome: the highest indicators of reactive anxiety were detected in patients with a length of pain syndrome of up to 12 months: 45.7 ± 0.6 points, in patients with a disease period of more than 12 months - 42.4 ± 0.5 points, and in patients with a disease period of more than 3 years 37.6 + 0.5 points.

Thus, a direct correlation between the degree of pain severity and the level of anxiety disorders is revealed, which is desirable to consider when selecting pathogenetic therapy

No significant relationships.

Individuals with personality disorders have a decreased life expectancy when compared to the general population in particular due to physical illnesses. Many factors can be associated with those physical illnesses such as lack of physical activity and bad nutritional habits. Moreover, physical activity and nutrition (lifestyle) intervention have shown great results in decreasing symptoms and improving condition in affective and anxiety disorders. However, little is known about the relation between lifestyle, and personality disorders.

The purpose of this review is to regroup the available information on this topic.

In February 2021, we searched the literature using 4 databases for articles analyzing the relation between lifestyle and personality disorders. Twenty-one articles were included.

In this review, we found few studies analyzing the relation between lifestyle and personality disorders. Most studies either used lifestyle measures as control variables or did not use such variables at all. Moreover, instruments used to measure lifestyle variables lacked precision at best. Two studies demonstrated a relation between early malnutrition and further development of personality disorders, but those results may be influenced by confounding variables and cannot indicate a clear link between nutrition and personality disorder.

Few evidences are available linking lifestyle to personality disorders in any way. This lack of evidence is surprising considering the multiple benefits individuals with personality disorders could get from it. More studies are needed to thoroughly analyze the impact of lifestyle on personality disorders and vice versa. Those studies need to use validated instruments to provide strong evidence about this relation.

No significant relationships.

Self-harming behavior is a frequent problem seen at patients admitted to closed wards in psychiatric hospitals. People who self-harm have al higher risk of other forms of aggressive behavior as well. Little is known about prevalence and characteristics of this behavior, the preceding triggering factors and the relation with other aggressive behaviors.

To gain insights in the self-harming behavior of patients admitted to a closed ward in a psychiatric hospital.

From September 2019 till January 2021 information on self-harming incidents and aggressive behavior towards others or objects, of 27 patients admitted to the closed department of the Centre Intensive Treatment (Centrum Intensieve Behandeling), has been gathered. The Self-Harm Scale and Social Dysfunction and Agression Scale were used to gather the data.

Twenty of 27 patients examined (74%) showed self-harming behavior. Head banging (41,9%) and self-harming using straps/ropes (30%) occurred most. Tension/stress as triggering factor was mentioned most (19,1%), followed by reliving (13,5%) and team interaction (11,8%). Self-harming behavior occurred more in evenings then during the rest of the day. No significant difference was found in the degree of aggressive behavior towards others or objects between the group of patients harming themselves and the group that didn’t.

This study delivers insights in self-harming behavior of patients admitted to closed psychiatric departments that can be used for prevention and treatment.

No significant relationships.

Research studies suggest that mental health nurses hold negative attitudes towards patients diagnosed with borderline personality disorder (BPD).

The aim of this study was to explore mental health nurses’ experiences and attitudes towards BPD patients in Greece, using a qualitative approach.

Data were collected through two audio-recorded focus group discussions. The participants were twelve nurses who work in two General Hospital Psychiatric Units –one in Athens and one regional– and have direct clinical experience with BPD patients. The audio recordings were transcribed verbatim and analysed using thematic analysis in the context of grounded theory.

One overarching theme and three main themes were identified. The overarching theme that emerged was: “Futility”, which refers to feelings that the provision of nursing care to BPD patients is devoid of purpose and meaning. The main themes were: “Uncertainty”, which refers to the absence of valid causal explanations for mental disorders and on the perplexity of the BPD psychopathology; “Frustration”, which refers to challenges and barriers to providing care to BPD patients; “Unsupportiveness”, which refers to a complex mental health system, where there is a lack of guidance and goal orientation. Of significance are the nurses’ feelings of frustration and futility creating a sense of being burdened and leading to negative attitudes and behaviours towards BPD patients.

Understanding treatment goals from the recovery model perspective and developing guidelines to help nurses revisit the concept of medical futility, may improve care to BPD patients.

No significant relationships.

Self-Generated Stress might be defined as stress that is created by oneself by engaging in behavior or making decisions that ultimately add strain to pre-existing personal stress. The Self-Generated Stress Scale (SGSS; Flett et al. 2020) is a seven-item self-report measure built to assess this tendency to make one’s own life more stressful.

To analyze the psychometric properties of the Portuguese Version of the SGSS.

Participants (127 medicine and dentistry students; 78.0% female) answered an online survey including the preliminary Portuguese version of the SGSS and other validated questionnaires: Maslach Burnout Inventory – Students Survey, Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales, HEXACO-60 and Big Three Perfectionism Scale.

Confirmatory Factor Analysis showed that the unidimensional model presented good fit indexes (χ2/df=1.546; RMSEA=.0666, p<.001; CFI=.982 TLI=.972, GFI=.960). The Cronbach’s alfa was .868. Pearson correlations between SGSS and the other measures were significant (p<.01) and moderate/high: Burnout, .412; Stress/Anxiety/Depression, >.550; Perfectionism, .600; Emotionality, .315; Extroversion, -.411. After controlling for the effect of Emotionality and Extroversion, SGSS explained significant additional increments of 19.9% and 14.0% of the DASS and MBI variance; controlling for Perfectionism, the increments were respectively of 27.9% and 2.0%. SGSS mean score (22.96±5.90 was not significantly different by gender.

As observed with the original English-language scale, the Portuguese version of SGSS showed good validity (construct and convergent-divergent) and internal consistency. As such, the SGSS might be useful in further investigation, particularly to explore the different pathways between personality traits, emotional regulation processes and psychological distress.

No significant relationships.

There has been a growing interest in our society for aesthetic interventions and achieving perfect beauty standards. We analyze its relationship with the mental health of our present time.

1. Describe the most frequent pathologies associated with aesthetic interventions.

2. Describe the population that most frequently uses these interventions.

3. Management of this pathology.

Systematic bibliographic review of the literature of the last 5 years following the PRISMA recommendations between March and June 2021.

4 articles were included. Most of them coincide in a high prevalence of borderline personality disorders, high impulsivity, high levels of anxiety, low perceived self-esteem and dysmorphophobia. Greater coordination between physicians who are dedicated to aesthetics and mental health is proposed due to the rise of this fashion.

1. High increase in the use of aesthetic techniques.

2. Women who consume these techniques more.

3. High prevalence of personality disorders.

4. High prevalence of dysmorphophobia.

5. Referral is recommended in some cases to mental health consultations for specific treatment.

No significant relationships.

The spectrum of suicidal behavior is a core factor of the prognosis and care of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD).

Identify possible BPD specific personality traits that could act as protective factors of nonsuicidal self-injuries (NSSI).

We performed a cross-sectional, observational and retrospective study of a sample of 134 BPD patients aged from 18 to 56. We assessed the presence or absence of suicidal behavior and NSSI as well as different sociodemographic variables. Millon, Zuckerman-Kuhlman and Structured Clinical Interview for DSM personality questionnaires were also applied. The analysis of the association between variables was carried out with a multivariate negative binomial logistic regression model.

A statistically significant association between NSSI and suicidal behavior was found. Elseways, statistically significant differences were also found in the association between NSSI and the SCID variables for Narcissistic Disorder, which appears as protective variables. These results provide an idea of the dynamic relationship between NSSI and suicidal behavior in a BPD population with particularly severe characteristics.

The role of narcissistic personality traits appears to be important in identifying protective factors for NSSI and suicidal behavior in BPD patients and could be the subject of further research projects.

No significant relationships.

Self-injury, defined as inflicting damage or pain to one’s own body, is a way to deal with unbearable emotions. Unfortunately, it can become addictive through the rewarding effect, and this makes it also really hard to stop with this destructive behavior. Currently, there is a lack of specific treatments.

The aim of the research is to investigate whether the “Protocol imaginary execution of self-damaging behavior” leads to a reduction of self-damaging behavior and the urge to self-damaging behavior.

We have investigated the “Protocol Imaginary execuTion of self-injury” as a potential treatment for self-injury. In this protocol the patient is asked to imagine he/she is performing the self-injury and at the same time a distracting task is offered. This ensures the working memory is double burdened as is with EMDR. We expected a reduction of patient’s self-injurious behavior. For this study, a single-case experimental design with 11 clinical patients is used, aimed to investigate whether there is a functional relationship between the treatment, the urge to self-injure and the frequency and seriousness of the self-injury. Data are analyzed with a multivariate analysis. The results of this study will contribute to expanding and improving treatment options for self-injury.

At the moment the results are not yet available, but they will be known in April 2022.

Respondents indicate that they experience more control over self-injurious behaviour. We hope to have confirmed this in April 2022 with the analyzed data.

No significant relationships.

Patients with “personality disorder”, has history of traumatic life events and are predisposed to develop alexithymia and dissociation, considered as risk factor for severity.

The aim of the research is to analyze alexithymia relating to dissociative symptoms, and investigate their associations, in 34 patients with personality disorder.

Outpatients with personality disorder relating to Mental Health Centre have been identified and tested with the Dissociative Experiences Scale, the Parma Scale for Personality Functioning and the Toronto Alexithymia Scale.

There was no significant association between age of patients and presence of alexithymia (r=-0.16) and dissociation (r=-0.19); most patients with alexithymia and dissociation were female (67%; 0.67%). 71% of alexithymic subjects had attended lower secondary school, 50% upper secondary school and 43% had a university degree. Substance use is higher in alexithymic patients (73%). 69% of subjects who do not undergo any individual or group psychotherapy are alexithymic; for dissociative symptoms it is significant to undergo both psychotherapies. Alexithymia and dissociation are more frequent in histrionic personality disorder (80%; 60%) and borderline personality disorder (55%; 54%). There is a potential correlation between alexithymia and the presence of dissociative symptoms (r=0.64).

This study found that alexithymia and dissociative symptoms are frequent within personality disorders, particularly in histrionic and borderline personality disorder. We found that the two phenomena were associated. Furthermore we found alexithymia is more influenced by external factors than dissociative symptoms.

No significant relationships.

The role of sensitivity to punishment on aggression is controversial, both positive and negative relationships have been observed in previous literature.

The aim of this research was to clarify the role of sensitivity to punishment in different types of aggression and provide a better understanding of the influence of emotional regulation on this relationship.

Two hundred and twenty-nine participants took part in the study (130 women; average age = 21.52 years). All of them were assessed for levels of verbal aggression, physical aggression, anger, and hostility (by Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire), levels of sensitivity to punishment (by SPSRQ–20), and emotional regulation ability (by MSCEIT).

A higher reactivity to punishment had a direct negative effect on physical and verbal aggression. However, a higher reactivity to punishment also showed a positive indirect effect on verbal and physical aggression through an increase in anger and hostility. In addition, ability in regulating emotions moderated the indirect effects of sensitivity to punishment on physical aggression.

Our results suggest that sensitivity to punishment can act both as a protective factor and as a risk factor for aggression. This relationship depended on the type of aggression studied and the emotional regulation abilities. These findings can help to inform the design of programs aimed at reducing aggressive behaviour. This work was funded by Junta de Andalucía (projects: EMERGIA20_00056 and UMA18-FEDERJA-137) to Alberto Megías Robles.

No significant relationships.

The uncertainty of COVID-pandemia, vital danger and disruptions in the habitual social contacts can be paralleled to the experiences of severe emotional stress and violence, usually found in the people with Borderline Personality Disorder. Both can be regarded as hampering the ability to categorize and express thoughts, feelings and experiences. The implementation of distant forms of psychological counseling may accentuate the mentalization deficiency.

To develop a theoretical framework for an empirical typology of impairments of mentalization.

The model of consciousness proposed by L.S. Vygotsky was used for theoretical generalization of the levels of categorical structures of mentalization observed in previous empirical studies.

The following structures were identified: (1) the syncretic type of mentalization with low differentiation and complexity of object representations, their negative affective tone, autistic, chaotically mutable motivation and low emotional investment in relationships were described in patients with schizotypal disorders; (2) the “complex” type, with literal, non-generalized, field-dependent and rigid, or unstable, representation of the self, others and relationships as a result of the “fusion” of cognitive representations with the current emotional states. Similar types of mentalization were previously described in people with BPD and self-harming behavior (Sokolova, Laisheva, 2017).

The ’syncretic’ and ’complex’ types of mentalization produce affective-cognitive distortions of the image of a psychotherapist, hamper the understanding of the conditional and metaphorical character of the therapeutic process, render difficult the de-traumatization of the unbearable experiences, and lessen the effectiveness of consultations of people with BPD.

No significant relationships.

Perfectionism, as a multiform trait of character, plays an important role in the formation of motivation of achievements in socially significant activity. Adaptive perfectionism, together with the desire to achieve recognition in one’s professional community and insure the emotional stability. Maladaptive (neurotic) perfectionism is directed towards the achievement of excessively high (non-relevant) standards of activity, a constant anxiety, internal stress and lack of self-confidence

To pinpoint the types of perfectionism that graduating medical students at Medical University experience, those who, during all the years of study, showed high academic results

Forty-nine graduating medical students volunteered to take part in the study, their average mark being not lower than 4.75 (maximum was 5). Their average age was 22.41±0.75. The following scales measured the level of expressiveness of perfectionism: A.A. Zolotareva, Hewitt and Flett, I.I. Gracheva

The results of the study undertaken showed two distinct groups. Students of the first group (79.6%) aimed at high internal standards in their study that would make them very well prepared professionally for their future work as doctors. They consciously accepted the common rules and norms of their society. Students of the other group (20.4%), consciously and subconsciously, estimate their high academic results as a good way of overcoming personal disturbances. They have excessive non-realistic demands towards self and others

The results of our study make it possible for us to suppose that medical students of the second group will experience quite a lot of difficulties in their future professional activity

No significant relationships.

Borderline personality disorder is characterized by a pattern in which instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image and affections prevails, and intense impulsivity present in the early stages of adulthood and with altered functionality in several contexts.

Establish what functions may be altered in crisis situations in borderline personality disorder.

Point out what legal tools we have available in situations in which the will is altered in borderline personality disorder.

Reflect on borderline personality disorder and its relationship with substance use.

Regarding a clinical case with a 25-year-old patient with a diagnosis of Borderline Personality Disorder and a history of use in a pattern of dependence (opioids, cannabis, cocaine) who is admitted to a hospital for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures secondary to pathology to which it is denied, determining the absence of the capacity to give consent. A systematic review of the existing bibliography on borderline personality disorder, substance use disorder and decision-making capacity has been carried out using as key words: borderline personality disorder decision-making capacity.

The presence of anxious symptoms, affective instability, feelings of emptiness and hopelessness as well as impulsivity can give rise to scenarios in which the decision-making capacity is impaired, being necessary to resort to legal means that allow us to prioritize the well-being of the patient.

The decision-making capacity can be altered in crisis situations in borderline personality disorder, having legal tools at hand that allow us to carry out actions to preserve the physical state of patients.

No significant relationships.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can cause changes in the personality and behaviors. History of TBI has been associated with violent behavior and substance abuse.

Presentation of a clinical case of a patient with antisocial personality traits who suffered a TBI and abuses alcohol.

We conducted a bibliographic review by searching for articles published the last 5 years in Pubmed

We present the case of a 48-year-old male patient with a history of myoclonic epilepsy, who suffered a TBI in a car crash. During his stay at ICU antisocial and borderline personality traits were found. When he came to consultations, he presented signs of alcohol intoxication (verbiage with hasty and dysarthric speech, and psychomotor incoordination). He acknowledges daily alcohol intake, although he minimizes it. During the interview he is irritable, prone to anger when contradicted and boasts of episodes of heteroaggressiveness and violence that he has carried out in the past. He reports morning sickness and tremors, but does not accept that they may be due to alcohol withdrawal. There is no motivation for change.

It has been determined that history of TBI is more frequent in individuals with antisocial personality. TBI has been linked to violent behaviors, poor inhibitory control, engaging in illegal acts and higher rates of substance abuse. However, the causal relationship between antisocial behavior and TBI has yet to be clarified, as the available evidence does not show which comes first. More research is needed in the future that takes into account the temporal sequence of events.

No significant relationships.