For a commutative local ring $R$, consider (noncommutative) $R$-algebras $\Lambda$ of the form $\Lambda \,=\,\text{En}{{\text{d}}_{R}}\left( M \right)$ where $M$ is a reflexive $R$-module with nonzero free direct summand. Such algebras $\Lambda$ of finite global dimension can be viewed as potential substitutes for, or analogues of, a resolution of singularities of Spec $R$. For example, Van den Bergh has shown that a three-dimensional Gorenstein normal $\mathbb{C}$-algebra with isolated terminal singularities has a crepant resolution of singularities if and only if it has such an algebra $\Lambda$ with finite global dimension and which is maximal Cohen-Macaulay over $R$ (a “noncommutative crepant resolution of singularities”). We produce algebras $\Lambda \,=\,\text{En}{{\text{d}}_{R}}\left( M \right) $ having finite global dimension in two contexts: when $R$ is a reduced one-dimensional complete local ring, or when $R$ is a Cohen-Macaulay local ring of finite Cohen–Macaulay type. If in the latter case $R$ is Gorenstein, then the construction gives a noncommutative crepant resolution of singularities in the sense of Van den Bergh.

The following problem is as yet unsolved: Given a convex polytope with N vertices in n-space, what is the maximum number of (n — 1)-faces which it can have? Aside from its geometric interest this question arises in connection with solving systems of linear inequalities and linear equations in non-negative variables. The problem is equivalent to asking for the best bound on the number of basic solutions for such problems and hence a bound (though a weak one) for the number of iterations needed in the simplex method for solving linear programmes.

Heine [7, p. 93] gave the following representation for the Legendre Polynomial {Pn(x)}∞n=o

where fo,n = 1 and

Szegö [7, p. 96] generalized this result to the Ultraspherical Polynomial set ﹛Cnλ(x)﹜∞n=o and obtained

where

We consider Hausdorff and quasi-Hausdorff matrices as operators on classical spaces of analytic functions such as the Hardy and the Bergman spaces, the Dirichlet space, the Bloch spaces and $\text{BMOA}$. When the generating sequence of the matrix is the moment sequence of a measure $\mu$, we find the conditions on $\mu$ which are equivalent to the boundedness of the matrix on the various spaces.

This paper is concerned with a generalization of some recent theorems of Hausner (1) and Johnson (4; 5). Their result can be summarized as follows: Let G be a locally compact abelian group, A a commutative Banach algebra, B1 = Bl(G,A) the (commutative Banach) algebra of A-valued, Bochner integrable junctions on G, 3m1the maximal ideal space of A, m2the maximal ideal space of L1(G) [the [commutative Banach] algebra of complex-valued, Haar integrable functions on G, m3the maximal ideal space of B1. Then m3and the Cartesian product m1 X m2are homeomorphic when the spaces mi, i = 1, 2, 3, are given their weak* topologies. Furthermore, the association between m3and m1 X m2is such as to permit a description of any epimorphism E3: B1 → B1/m3 in terms of related epimorphisms E1: A → A/M1 and E2:L1(G) → Ll(G)/M2, where M1 is in mi i = 1, 2, 3.

For a Shimura variety of Hodge type with hyperspecial level structure at a prime $p$, Vasiu and Kisin constructed a smooth integral model (namely the integral canonical model) uniquely determined by a certain extension property. We define and study the Ekedahl-Oort stratifications on the special fibers of those integral canonical models when $p\,>\,2$. This generalizes Ekedahl-Oort stratifications defined and studied by Oort on moduli spaces of principally polarized abelian varieties and those defined and studied by Moonen, Wedhorn, and Viehmann on good reductions of Shimura varieties of PEL type. We show that the Ekedahl-Oort strata are parameterized by certain elements $w$ in the Weyl group of the reductive group in the Shimura datum. We prove that the stratum corresponding to $w$ is smooth of dimension $l\left( w \right)$ (i.e., the length of $w$) if it is non-empty. We also determine the closure of each stratum.

The 3x+1 map T and the shift map S are defined by T(x) = (3x + 1)/2 for x odd, T(x) = x/2 for x even, while S(x) = (x − 1)/2 for x odd, S(x) = x/2 for x even. The 3x + 1 conjugacy map Φ on the 2-adic integers Z2 conjugates S to T, i.e., Φ o S o Φ-1 = T. The map Φ mod 2n induces a permutation Φn on Z/2nZ. We study the cycle structure of Φn. In particular we show that it has order 2n − 4 for n ≥ 6. We also count 1-cycles of Φn for n up to 1000; the results suggest that Φ has exactly two odd fixed points. The results generalize to the ax + b map, where ab is odd.

The method of moving frames, introduced by Elie Cartan, is a powerful tool for the solution of various equivalence problems. The practical implementation of Cartan's method, however, remains challenging, despite its later significant development and generalization. This paper presents two new variations on the Fels and Olver algorithm, which under some conditions on the group action, simplify a moving frame construction. In addition, the first algorithm leads to a better understanding of invariant differential forms on the jet bundles, while the second expresses the differential invariants for the entire group in terms of the differential invariants of its subgroup.

J. Lambek and G. Michler [3] have initiated the study of a ring of quotients RP associated with a two-sided prime ideal P in a right noetherian ring R. The ring RP is the quotient ring (in the sense of [1]) associated with the hereditary torsion class τ consisting of all right R-modules M for which HomR(M, ER(R/P)) = 0, where ER(X) is the injective hull of the R-module X.

In the present paper, we shall study further the properties of the ring RP. The main results are Theorems 4.3 and 4.6. Theorem 4.3 gives necessary and sufficient conditions for the torsion class associated with P to have property (T), as well as some properties of RP when these conditions are indeed satisfied, while Theorem 4.6 gives necessary and sufficient conditions for R to satisfy the right Ore condition with respect to (P).

Dans ce travail, nous étudions l'approximation polynomiale pondérée usuelle et aussi unilatérale dans l'espace L. Le poids considéré est w(x) = exp (—|x|) ce qui constitue un cas extremal; rappelons à ce propos quelques résultats de G. Freud. A chaque poids de la forme wQ(x) = exp ( — (Q(#)) correspond une suite caractéristique {qn} de nombres positifs définis par la relation qnQ’ (qn) = n. Dans le sixième chapitre de [1] (voir aussi [14]), Freud démontre que toute fonction/ pour laquelle ƒwQ ∊ L peut être approchée par un polynôme pn de degré ≤n en commettant une erreur (∫|fƒ -Pn\wQ) d'au plus Ω(ƒ, qn/n) où Ω est un module de continuité adéquat et obtient des résultats précisés lorsque la fonction ƒ est supposée differentiate. Dans [2], Freud montre que si la r ième dérivée f(r) est à support compact et à variation bornée et si |ƒ| admet une majoration polynomiale, alors/ peut être approchée unilatéralement par des polynômes de degré ≦n (pn ≦ ƒ ≦ Pn) avec une erreur (∫(Pn — pn)wQ) inférieure à K(ƒ)(qn/n)r+1. Lorsque Q(x) = |x|p, on a qn ~ n1/p de telle sorte que, si ρ > 1, qn/n tend vers zéro avec \/n mais, si ρ = 1, le prolongement formel direct des résultats de Freud fournit une majoration de l'erreur ne tendant pas vers zéro avec 1/n. Cependant, il suit des recherches de M. Riesz [3] (voir aussi [4]) que les fonctions à croissance polynomiale peuvent être approchées unilatéralement dans l'espace L avec poids w et, en particulier, que les polynômes sont denses dans cet espace.

The author (2) has shown that corresponding to each positive square matrix A (i.e. every aij > 0) is a unique doubly stochastic matrix of the form D1AD2, where the Di are diagonal matrices with positive diagonals. This doubly stochastic matrix can be obtained as the limit of the iteration defined by alternately normalizing the rows and columns of A.

In this paper, it is shown that with a sacrifice of one diagonal D it is still possible to obtain a stochastic matrix. Of course, it is necessary to modify the iteration somewhat. More precisely, it is shown that corresponding to each positive square matrix A is a unique stochastic matrix of the form DAD where D is a diagonal matrix with a positive diagonal. It is shown further how this stochastic matrix can be obtained as a limit to an iteration on A.

Suppose S = [a, b] is a number interval and F is a function from S X S to a normed algebraic ring N with multiplicative identity I. We consider the problem of finding, for appropriate conditions on F, a function M from S X S to N such that for all t and x,

where the integral is a Cauchy-left integral.

We use the monomial basis theory developed by Deng and Du to present an elementary algebraic construction of the canonical bases for both the Ringel–Hall algebra of a cyclic quiver and the positive part ${{\mathbf{U}}^{+}}$ of the quantum affine $\mathfrak{s}{{\mathfrak{l}}_{n}}$. This construction relies on analysis of quiver representations and the introduction of a new integral PBW-like basis for the Lusztig $\mathbb{Z}[v,\,{{v}^{-1}}]$-form of ${{\mathbf{U}}^{+}}$.

The object of this paper is to study the local properties of light harmonic mappings.

In this paper, we study the following question: How long a cycle must there be in a 3-connected 3-regular graph on n vertices? For planar graphs this question goes back to Tait [6], who conjectured that any planar 3-connected 3-regular graph is hamiltonian. Tutte [7] disproved this conjecture by finding a counterexample on 46 vertices. Using Tutte's example, Grunbaum and Motzkin [3] constructed an infinite family of 3-connected 3-regular planar graphs such that the length of a longest cycle in each member of the family is at most nc, where c = 1 – 2–17 and n is the number of vertices. The exponent c was subsequently reduced by Walther [8, 9] and by Grùnbaum and Walther [4].

We completely determine the residual spectrum of the split exceptional group of type G2, thus completing the work of Langlands and Moeglin-Waldspurger on the part of the residual spectrum attached to the trivial character of the maximal torus. We also give the Arthur parameters for the residual spectrum coming from Borel subgroups. The interpretation in terms of Arthur parameters explains the “bizarre” multiplicity condition in Moeglin-Waldspurger's work. It is related to the fact that the component group of the Arthur parameter is non-abelian.

In 1944 Whitney proved that any differentiable n-manifold (n ≧ 2) can be (differentiably) immersed in R2n–1[15] and embedded in R2n [14]. Whitney's results are best possible when n = 2r. (One uses a simple argument involving the dual Stiefel-Whitney classes of real projective space Pn. See [9, pp. 14, 15].) However, there is a widely known conjecture that any R-manifold (n ≧ 2) immerses in R2n–α(n) and embeds in R2n–α(n)+1. Here, α(n) denotes the number of ones in the binary expansion of n. We prove (Theorem 5.1) that every compact manifold is cobordant to a manifold that immerses in (2n – α(n))-space and embeds in (2n – α(n) + 1)-space. (See § 1 for the definition of cobordant manifolds.) It is well known that if the conjecture were true it would be the best possible result.

The group ring AG of a group G and a ring A is the ring of all formal sums Σg∈G agg with ag ∈ A and with only finitely many non-zero ag. Elements of A are assumed to commute with the elements of G. In (2), Connell characterized or completed the characterization of Artinian, completely reducible and (von Neumann) regular group rings ((2) also contains many other basic results). In (3, Appendix 3) Connell used a theorem of Passman (6) to characterize semi-prime group rings. Following in the spirit of these investigations, this paper deals with the complete ring of (right) quotients Q(AG) of the group ring AG. It is hoped that the methods used and the results given may be useful in characterizing group rings with maximum condition on right annihilators and complements, at least in the semi-prime case.

It is well known that rather general mutation-recombination models can be solved algorithmically (though not in closed form) by means of Haldane linearization. The price to be paid is that one has to work with a multiple tensor product of the state space one started from.

Here, we present a relevant subclass of such models, in continuous time, with independent mutation events at the sites, and crossover events between them. It admits a closed solution of the corresponding differential equation on the basis of the original state space, and also closed expressions for the linkage disequilibria, derived by means of Möbius inversion. As an extra benefit, the approach can be extended to a model with selection of additive type across sites. We also derive a necessary and sufficient criterion for the mean fitness to be a Lyapunov function and determine the asymptotic behaviour of the solutions.

Suppose (P, △) is an undirected graph without loops or multiple edges. We will denote by △ (x) the vertices adjacent to x and . Let (G, P) be a transitive permutation representation of a group G in a, set P, and Δ be a non-trivial self-paired (i.e. symmetric) orbit for the action of G on P X P. We identify △ with the set of all two subsets ﹛x, y﹜ with (x, y) in △. Then we have a graph (P, Δ) with G ≦ Aut (P, △), transitive on both P and △.