The following new taxa of Xantholininae are described: Lithocharodes scutifer sp. nov. (Arizona), Habrolinus californicus sp. nov. (California), H. hardyi sp. nov. (California and Oregon), H. abdominalis sp. nov. (California), H. andrewsi sp. nov. (California and Oregon), Linohesperus spiculifer sp. nov. (California), L. iaculator sp. nov. (California), L. montivagus sp. nov. (California), L. priapus sp. nov. (California), Neohypnus coloratus sp. nov. (Florida), Oxybleptes meridionalis sp. nov. (Florida).

The genus Timagenes Smetana 1982 is placed as a subgenus of the genus Habrolinus Casey 1906 (new status). The treatments of the genera Habrolinus and Timagenes in my revision (Smetana 1982: 134–143) are entirely rewritten. A new key to the known species of Linohesperus Smetana 1982 is given.

Additional data on taxonomy, bionomics, and geographical distribution of many species of Xantholininae in North America are presented.

Insect developmental inhibitors applied to colonies of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), on peach trees in early May reduced the production of winged migrants as much as 75% and delayed migration for as long as 15 days. However, these compounds affected mainly the alatoid nymphs and not the reproductive adults; therefore, apterous aphids would be available as prey to the natural enemies that are present on peach trees in the spring. A reduction in the number of aphid migrants and a delay in their migration from peach trees would result in a subsequent reduction in the number of aphids produced on diseased secondary hosts and a delay in the migration of these aphids to host crops. In most cases, this would result in an increase in yield and an economic gain to the growers.

The pine candle moth, Exoteleia nepheos Freeman, poses a serious threat to plantation and ornamental pines. It mines in Scotch pine needles during the early stages of larval development and enters the bud during the first flush of spring growth; thereby destroying the trees’ aesthetic appearance and value as a Christmas tree. Heavily attacked trees are severely stunted and eventually die. Adults are active from mid-June to mid-August, ovipositing in needle sheaths or along twigs. Eggs hatch in about 10 days with larvae overwintering in the needles where high winter mortality may occur. Parasitism by Copidosoma deceptor Miller (Encyrtidae) is an important biological factor in controlling E. nepheos. Approximately 37.63% of the population in one Michigan stand was parasitized and about 80% of this was by C. deceptor. Peak emergence of the pine candle moth will occur 1060 ± 32 degree days above 52°F threshold temperature.

Two new species of Isotogastrura, one from the Pacific coast and one from the Atlantic coast, are described: Isotogastrura ahuizotli sp.nov. and Isotogastrura veracruzana sp.nov. A key for the five species known at present is included.

Odonates are obligate predators (Pritchard 1964), and the composition of their diet is reflective of their microhabitat and effectiveness in detecting and capturing prey (Griffiths 1973; Thompson 1978). In an intermittent woodland pond in southern Ontario, Canada, three species of Sympetrum (Odonata: Libellulidae) were found to coexist: S. internum Montgomery, S. costiferum (Hagen), and S. obtrusum (Hagen). Sympetrum species spend most of their life cycle in the aquatic stage and consume prey at all nymphal stadia (Pritchard 1964; Corbet 1999). They overwinter in the egg stage, hatch in early spring, and typically emerge in late June to late July (Walker and Corbet 1975). To better understand the role of coexisting Sympetrum nymphs in this intermittent pond environment, and to evaluate potential mechanisms behind their coexistence, we collected seasonal abundance and body size data for 2 years and analyzed gut contents of each species. In addition, we experimentally tested the prey selection and predatory rate of two different size classes of Sympetrum nymphs and two of their potential competitors, Lestes sp. (Odonata: Lestidae) and Acilius sp. (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae), in laboratory microcosms.

In western Quebec, first flight of overwintered adults of the northern June beetle, Phyllophaga fusca (Froelich), and the common June beetle, P. anxia (Le Conte), occurred in mid-May with the accumulation of about 156 degree-days above 5 °C beginning 1 April. When soil temperature was 10 °C or higher, flight started 12–45 min after sunset, apparently in response to an endogenous rhythm that was triggered by low light intensity within the range 1.0 to 96.9 lux; high soil temperature induced early flight. Early in the flight season, duration of flight was 10–46 min and was inversely related to time of flight initiation. In early June, the flight began in darkness and was associated with peak oviposition and ageing; it lasted 20–35 min and was directed into the trees or to oviposition sites within a field.

Males were attracted to light during a pre-copulatory flight which lasted more than 1 h until maximum coupling occurred near 2230 h; beetles remained in copula for 3 h or more. Morning flight directly back to the soil was triggered by light intensity increasing to about 1.0 lux.

The wheat stem sawfly (Cephus cinctus Nort.) has recently become established as a serious pest of wheat in the Nobleford—Lethbridge area of southern Alberta, the first appreciable damage to wheat occurring in 1934. Each succeeding year the insect has increased and spread rapidly throughout the area, and in many cases crop losses have run as high as 75 to 80 per cent.

Notes are given on type material of 25 nominal species either referable to the genus Sphaerophoria or described in that genus and referable to the genus Ischiodon. Lectotypes are designated for 15 of these species. New synonymy is indicated for 13 nominal species on the basis of examination of type material and for three other nominal species on the basis of published figures of male terminalia of type material. One species frequently referred to the genus Sphaerophoria is transferred to the genus Allograpta.

Aeshna tuberculifera Walker and A. umbrosa Walker were studied in the Shenandoah Mountains, Rockingham County, Virginia for 5 years. Both species had 2-year life cycles. They passed the first winter in an embryonic diapause and the second in a larval diapause. Although A. umbrosa was slightly smaller and developed earlier in the year, growth patterns of the two species were similar. Adults emerged from mid-summer to mid-fall with a slight protandry. Sex ratio at emergence was equal in A. tuberculifera but slightly biased toward males in A. umbrosa. Individuals emerging later in the season tended to be smaller than those emerging earlier, and the decline in size was linear over time. The maturation period lasted 4–6 weeks. Poor recovery of marked teneral and breeding adults indicates either high mortality or high dispersal, but observed movement among ponds by marked breeding adults suggests high dispersal. Breeding males of both species defended entire ponds for short periods. Both males and females were present more frequently in the afternoon than during the morning or at mid-day. Females often oviposited in the late afternoon or early evening when males were usually absent from the ponds. A. tuberculifera used stems of Juncus effusus L. almost exclusively for oviposition, while A. umbrosa used a variety of dead plant or other material and rarely used J. effusus stems.

Normally, Urophora cardui (L.) induces galls on the stems of Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. (Canada thistle). However, six galls were found in flowerheads when flies were cultured in growth chambers. All flowerhead galls developed from receptacle tissues of male thistle capitula and were structurally similar to those induced from stem tissues. The appearance of these atypical galls contributes to our understanding of organ specificity of gall-inducing insects.

Insect mines have been reported in several fossil leaf specimens (Brooks 1955; Freeman 1965; Lewis 1969; Opler 1973; Hickey and Hodges 1975; Crane and Jarzembowski 1980). These fossils represent useful records for the study of insect-host evolutionary history. Opler (1973) and Hickey and Hodges (1975) compared fossil Ieaf mines with those caused by extant insect species in homologous host species and concluded that specific insect-host associations have persisted for as long as 50 million years. We report here the presence of leaf mines in a Miocene specimen of Mahonia reticulata (MacGinitie) Brown (Berberidaceae). It is unclear whether a comparable insect species is associated with extant Nearctic Mahonia Nuttall.

Balsam woolly aphid nymphs, Adelges piceae (Ratz.), settle primarily in the apical 3-year growth of a branch. This portion of a branch is a natural population unit that can be designated a sample universe for detailed studies of aphid survival and mortality.

Cypermethrin was tested at nine dosages from 2 to 72 g AI/ha and at five temperatures from 15 °to 35 °C against second-instar nymphs of a non-diapause strain of the migratory grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes (Fab.). At lower dosages, mortality increased with increasing temperatures from 15 °to 30 °C and then leveled off. At dosages of 12 g AI/ha or higher, mortality increased slightly with increasing temperature from 15 °to 20 °C, then declined at higher temperatures. Cypermethrin was about 2.2 times less toxic (LD50) at 35 °C than at 15 °or 20 °C and 70% of this reduction in toxicity occurred above 25 °C. Thus, the toxicity of cypermethrin was negatively correlated with temperature above 20 °C for nymphs of the migratory grasshopper.

The larvae of eight Nearctic sawfly species in the genus Dolerus are described here for the first time. Six species, D. aprilis, D. tibialis conjugates, D. gilvipes albifrons, D. apricus, D. acidus, and D. subfasciatus, were reared from adults collected on the field horsetail, Equisetum arvense Linnaeus, and the larvae of two species, D. sericeus and D. nitens, were collected on grasses. The life history of Dolerus spp. is described. An illustrated key to the species dealt with is provided. Taxonomic affinities among. the species are briefly discussed.

Crop failures are a frequent phenomenon of saskatoon berries, Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt., in Saskatchewan. The curculionid beetle Tachypterellus quadrigibbus Say is shown to have a pronounced effect on the relation and quality of fruit produced. Its feeding and reproductive habits on the berries are proposed as a major cause of crop failures.

Last year I reported P. vespoides (Cr.) a pollen- provisioning wasp and gave some additional facts in regard to its nesting habits and biology. Since that time I have further verified these facts, both in California and in Colorado, and have in addition taken many nests of a smaller species, P. edwardsii Cr.*, at and near Pasadena and Sierra Madre, California. This species according to Bradley ('22) is found in Utah, Nevada, California and Washington.

The apple leaf midge, Dasineura mali (Kieffer) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), an invasive alien pest established for many years in Nova Scotia, Canada, has invaded Ontario and British Columbia, Canada apple (Malus domestica Borkhausen; Rosaceae) orchards, damaging growing tips of trees. Molecular analysis indicated that Nova Scotia populations are genetically different from Ontario and British Columbia populations. Pheromone trap captures, oviposition on growing apple terminals, and the incidence of third instars indicate three D. mali generations in each province. Platygaster demades Walker (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae), released in Nova Scotia in 1993, parasitised 34% of the third midge generation in that province and was reared from D. mali for the first time in 2016 in the Fraser Valley of British Columbia. Lyrcus nigroaeneus Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) parasitised up to 21% of D. mali in southwestern Ontario. Synopeas myles (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) was recorded from D. mali for the first time, one specimen in each of Nova Scotia and Ontario, and was the most important parasitoid in British Columbia. Synopeas myles parasitism in Okanagan and Similkameen, British Columbia orchards increased from 0% to a mean of 30% of D. mali larvae from 2014 to 2016. Other minor parasitoids included Platygaster tuberosula Kieffer (Hymenoptera: Platygasteridae) in all three provinces and Aphanogmus vicinus Förster (Hymenoptera: Ceraphronidae) in British Columbia.

Segment 5 with a more or less evident bevelled or truncate space, false pygidium, which is rather sparsely short, bristly and fuscous, purplish or sericeous in certain lights; ovipositor (applied here to one of a pair of appendages often exserted one on each side of the sting) setiform, fimbriate, apex with several curved divergent spines; mandibles simple; maxillary palpi 3-jointed; scutel finely punctured, sub-bilobed; segments 1–4 with apical fasciæ of pale appressed pubescence