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This chapter outlines five simple ways to take an astronomical photograph. Each of them will result in an image that requires only the simplest subsequent processing by computer. All the projects in this chapter can be done with your camera set to output JPEG images (not raw), as in daytime photography. The images can be viewed and further processed with any picture processing program, such as Photoshop or GIMP (which is freeware). Special astronomical techniques are not needed.
The image sensor is the heart of the camera. The two things we most want to know about sensors are whether one camera is better than another, and what ISO setting works best with a given camera. This chapter and the next will explore sensor performance in detail.
How do you take a picture through a telescope? Any of numerous ways. This chapter covers the basic optical configurations as well as some (not all) ways of assembling the adapters. The most important thing to remember is that it’s not enough to make everything fit together mechanically; you must also consider the spacings between optical elements, and not all configurations work with all telescopes.
This chapter surveys the spectral response of DSLRs and the modifications and filters that can alter it in useful ways, and how all of this relates to light pollution and to the emissions from celestial objects.
The following tables give suggested exposure times for a wide variety of celestial objects. Your own trial and error should always take precedence over published exposures, but these tables will give you a good indication in advance of what settings might work.
Digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) cameras are an unusually cost-effective way to photograph the sky. Besides ready-to-view JPEG files, DSLRs also deliver “raw” image files that indicate the number of photons that reached each pixel. With raw files, you can subtract out the brightness of the sky background, correct for measured irregularities in the sensor, and combine multiple exposures of the same subject. These capabilities make the DSLR a powerful tool for photographing faint celestial objects.
This chapter gives detailed hands-on examples of how to process astronomical images using three major software packages, Nebulosity, MaxIm DL, and PixInsight.
No telescope mount tracks the stars perfectly, but some do better than others. Astrophotography at long focal lengths almost always requires guiding corrections. In the past this meant the astrophotographer had to watch a star continuously and press buttons to keep it centered on the crosshairs. This was an agonizing process when film exposures typically lasted an hour. Nowadays we use autoguiders, which watch the star automatically, or else, increasingly, we make exposures short enough, and tune our mounts carefully enough, that no corrections are needed. This is presently an area of rapid technical progress.
This chapter gives a brief survey of digital imaging as a whole, defining terms and introducing concepts that figure prominently in later chapters. It focuses on concepts that are not specific to astronomy, though the examples have an astronomical slant; we’ll get to specifically astronomical techniques in Chapters 11–14. Experienced daytime photographers may want to skim this chapter and come back to it as needed.
Digital SLR cameras have made it easier than ever before to photograph the night sky. Whether you're a beginner, nature photographer, or serious astronomer, this is the definitive handbook to capturing the heavens. Starting with simple projects for beginners such as cameras on tripods, it then moves onto more advanced projects including telescope photography and methods of astronomical research. With 80% revised and updated material, this new edition covers nightscapes, eclipses, using cameras with sky trackers and telescopes, and tools for identifying celestial objects and investigating them scientifically. Image processing is discussed in detail, with worked examples from three popular software packages - Nebulosity, Maxlm DL, and PixInsight. Rather than taking a recipe-book approach, Covington explains how your equipment works as well as offering advice on many practical considerations, such as choice of set-up and the testing of lenses, making this a comprehensive guide for anyone involved in astrophotography.