Pre-exisisting disease, infections, counselling, pre-pregnancy risk assessment, contraception, risks, health advice, weight management

There are many ways of being Māori. Ethnicity in New Zealand has now moved to a more contemporary approach of self-identification that assumes ethnicity is not static and predetermined. This means that any combination of physical features, cultural beliefs and ways of living can be found in people who self-identify as Māori. For Māori, health and culture are intricately linked, so there are vital aspects of te ao Māori (the Māori worldview) that must be understood in relation to their mental health experiences in order to provide safe and effective care. In this chapter we discuss how practitioners from all cultural backgrounds can engage with tangata whaiora and whānau in mental health and addiction settings. It will be helpful for people practising in the New Zealand context, as well as those who encounter people of Māori descent in Australia or elsewhere. It will assist practitioners to consider how institutional racism might influence their ability to care for Māori, and will encourage the exploration of personal cultural beliefs to transcend this.

Prevalence, pathophysiology, endocrinology, diagnostics, therapeutic options

Composition, types, mechanism of action, efficacy, effectiveness, health risks, benefits, usage and follow up of progesterone implants

While the health systems in Australia, New Zealand and other developed countries are regarded as some of the finest in the world, there is an ever-present need to ensure flexibility regarding cultural competence and responsiveness and cultural inclusivity across a range of practice settings. If current rates of immigration to Australia continue to grow, it is estimated that by 2050 approximately one-third of Australia’s population will be overseas-born (Cully and Pejozki, 2012).This chapter examines the mental health needs of people from refugee and immigrant backgrounds, with emphasis given to asylum seekers. Mental health issues that may affect these populations are explored, as is engagement between people of refugee and asylum seeker backgrounds and mainstream mental health services. This chapter seeks to deepen and broaden readers’ understanding of the effects of trauma among people of refugee background, and links this to strategies that might be used by mainstream mental health practitioners and services in response.

Aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentations, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, management and treatment options

This chapter outlines a developmental orientation to understanding the mental health of children and young people. It examines the implications for mental health in children and young people in relation to the environment, nature and nurture, and brain development in the context of vulnerability or risk, and resilience or protection. The chapter explores mental health promotion for young people, drawing from two real stories about bullying and altered eating patterns, including anorexia nervosa and bulimia, which include experiences of depression, anxiety and psychosis. Emphasis is given to prevention, awareness and early intervention for mental illness, including social media and e-mental health interventions for young people in relation to non-suicidal self-injury or suicide crisis, and popular public health initiatives to reduce suicide, such as R U OK? Day, headspace and other online services.

Suicide is a significant national and international public health issue. Each year an estimated 3300 Australians and approximately 650 New Zealanders die by suicide. While suicide is a behaviour not an illness, it can occur in the absence of mental illness. The determinants and precipitants of mental illness and suicide are interrelated and frequently associated with one another. The aim of this chapter is to discuss and describe demographic characteristics of suicide, key definitions and drivers of suicide, suicide risk factors, plus lived experience of suicide and suicide related harms through first person accounts. As with other forms of mental distress, people in suicide and self-harm crisis can be helped through compassionate and person-centred approaches.

Life phase related changes, challenges and needs regarding reproductive and sexual health

Aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentations, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, management and treatment options

Aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentations, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, management and treatment options

Suicide is a significant national and international public health issue. Each year an estimated 3300 Australians and approximately 650 New Zealanders die by suicide. While suicide is a behaviour not an illness, it can occur in the absence of mental illness. The determinants and precipitants of mental illness and suicide are interrelated and frequently associated with one another. The aim of this chapter is to discuss and describe demographic characteristics of suicide, key definitions and drivers of suicide, suicide risk factors, plus lived experience of suicide and suicide related harms through first person accounts. As with other forms of mental distress, people in suicide and self-harm crisis can be helped through compassionate and person-centred approaches.

Aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentations, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, management and treatment options

Regardless of the setting of mental health care, an interprofessional or multidisciplinary approach is a sound response to the multifaceted problems faced by people with mental health problems. Through collaboration with consumers, the needs of the person experiencing mental health problems can be comprehensively met.An interprofessional workforce involves a range of professions and other staff with different educational backgrounds. These are broadening, increasingly, from the traditional professions employed in mental health services – medical, nursing, social work, psychology and occupational therapy – to embrace other workers with skills to contribute. Some of these groups are subject to regulation through their professional bodies and national regulatory authorities. Other groups working with the mental health workforce are not subject to such authority or regulation. This has supported the development of standards for the mental health workforce in Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand, in order to provide uniform and consistent guidelines to govern everyone working with people experiencing mental health problems.

In this chapter a brief synopsis is provided of the terminology of learning disability (LD), intellectual (ID) and developmental disability (DD). Determinants of physical and mental well-being and associated comorbidities for people living with IDD are explained. Students are enabled to recognise, facilitate and optimise an individual’s rights, identity, autonomy, and self-determination in any community or mental health setting.Deinstitutionalisation was informed by philosophical approaches including normalisation (Wolfensberger, 1972; Nirje, 1969), social role valorisation (Wolfensberger, 1983) and the social model of disability (Oliver, 2013; Race et al., 2005). These approaches inform mental health assessment and responsiveness through reasonable adjustments or accommodations (Heslop et al., 2019). Within Aotearoa New Zealand and Australia, these philosophies are exemplified through the principles embedded within EGL (Enabling Good Lives) and the NDIS (National Disability Insurance Scheme) respectively and are linked to responsibilities under the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (United Nations, 2006) when working with those in mental distress.