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5335 results in Neurosciences

Page 57 of 267

  • Chapter Five - I Think, Therefore I Do Not Want to Be

  • Kees van Heeringen
  • Book:
    The Neuroscience of Suicidal Behavior
    Published online:
    22 May 2019
    Print publication:
    23 August 2018, pp 85-101

  • Summary

    The core question in suicide prevention is: why does a person in a particular situation take their own life, while another person in the same situation would react in a different way? This chapter investigates to what extent and in which way neurocognitive studies may contribute to finding an answer to this question. The term 'neurocognitive' refers to the study of the relationship between the brain and behavior by utilizing specialized tests that have been designed to evaluate a wide variety of behavioral, cognitive and emotional domains. Thus, neurocognitive studies contribute to understanding how behavioral decisions following exposure to particular environmental stimuli relate to changes in brain functions. Such studies offer a great opportunity to measure and quantify cognitive functions, emotional states and behavioral repertoires through standardized questionnaires and testing. From such neurocognitive data, inferences are made regarding brain function and the localization of brain dysfunctions based on patterns of cognitive strengths and weaknesses. As conclusions from neuropsychological assessments are necessarily inferential, findings from neuropsychological investigations are commonly combined with those from neuroimaging (see next chapter) in order to fully understand the relationship between behavioral phenomena and changes in brain functions.

  • Chapter Four - Lethal Signals

  • Kees van Heeringen
  • Book:
    The Neuroscience of Suicidal Behavior
    Published online:
    22 May 2019
    Print publication:
    23 August 2018, pp 63-84

  • Summary

    Results from a range of studies using diverse designs and both postmortem and in-vivo techniques show impairments in the serotonin neurotransmitter system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis stress-response system in the vulnerability to suicidal behaviour. The involvement of serotonin in the development of suicidal behavior is well known since the 1970s when low levels of serotonin metabolites in the cerebrospinal fluid of suicide attempters were demonstrated. This involvement has been confirmed in numerous subsequent postmortem and in-vivo neuroimaging studies. For example, molecular imaging studies have localized lower binding to the serotonin transporter in areas of the brain, such as the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, which are known to be involved in decision-making processes. Serotonergic impairments may also manifest as impaired cognitive control of mood, pessimism, impaired problem solving, increased reactivity to negative social signs, excessive emotional pain, and suicidal ideation, leading to suicidal behavior.

Spatial Biases in Perception and Cognition
  • Edited by Timothy L. Hubbard
  • Published online:
    04 August 2018
    Print publication:
    23 August 2018
  • Our experience of the world is influenced by numerous spatial biases, most of which influence us without our being aware of them. These biases are related to illusions and asymmetries in our perception of space, relationships between space and other qualities, dynamics of moving objects, dynamics of scene configuration, and dynamics related to perception and action. Consideration of these biases provides insight into how we perceive, remember, and navigate space, as well as how we interact with objects and people in space. This volume introduces and reviews numerous spatial biases, and provides descriptions and examples of each bias. The contributors discuss historical and current theories for many biases, and for some biases, provide new explanatory theories. Providing a 'one-stop shop' for information on such a key aspect of our experience in the world, this volume will interest anyone curious about our understanding of space.

Cognitive Neuroscience
  • 4th edition
  • Marie T. Banich, Rebecca J. Compton
  • Published online:
    21 June 2018
    Print publication:
    05 April 2018
  • Updated fully, this accessible and comprehensive text highlights the most important theoretical, conceptual and methodological issues in cognitive neuroscience. Written by two experienced teachers, the consistent narrative ensures that students link concepts across chapters, and the careful selection of topics enables them to grasp the big picture without getting distracted by details. Clinical applications such as developmental disorders, brain injuries and dementias are highlighted. In addition, analogies and examples within the text, opening case studies, and 'In Focus' boxes engage students and demonstrate the relevance of the material to real-world concerns. Students are encouraged to develop the critical thinking skills that will enable them to evaluate future developments in this fast-moving field. A new chapter on neuroscience and society considers how cognitive neuroscience issues relate to the law, education, and ethics, highlighting the clinical and real-world relevance. An expanded online package includes a test bank.

Cognitive Neuroscience of Memory
  • Scott D. Slotnick
  • Published online:
    28 May 2018
    Print publication:
    13 February 2017
  • Within the last two decades, the field of cognitive neuroscience has begun to thrive, with technological advances that non-invasively measure human brain activity. This is the first book to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date treatment on the cognitive neuroscience of memory. Topics include cognitive neuroscience techniques and human brain mechanisms underlying long-term memory success, long-term memory failure, working memory, implicit memory, and memory and disease. Cognitive Neuroscience of Memory highlights both spatial and temporal aspects of the functioning human brain during memory. Each chapter is written in an accessible style and includes background information and many figures. In his analysis, Scott D. Slotnick questions popular views, rather than simply assuming they are correct. In this way, science is depicted as open to question, evolving, and exciting.

Page 57 of 267