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1405 results in Computational linguistics

Page 27 of 71

  • Summer (1150–1200)

  • Translated by William D. Paden, Northwestern University, Illinois, Frances Freeman Paden, Northwestern University, Illinois
  • Book:
    Troubadour Poems from the South of France
    Published by:
    Boydell & Brewer
    Published online:
    10 March 2023
    Print publication:
    30 November 2014, pp 59-146

  • Summary

    The second half of the twelfth century saw some of the greatest poets among the troubadours, including Bernart de Ventadorn and the Comtessa de Dia for the love song, and Bertran de Born for satire. Bernart de Ventadorn and Bertran de Born were from the West, as most of their predecessors had been, and so were others such as Rigaut de Berbezilh, Giraut de Bornelh, Arnaut Daniel, Gaucelm Faidit, Maria de Ventadorn, Gui d’Ussel, and Peire Vidal. But the mode of troubadour poetry spread east to Provence with Raimbaut d’Aurenga (Orange) early in the half-century, and with Raimbaut de Vaqueiras later on. The first known woman troubadour, or trobairitz, was Azalais de Porcairagues, a friend of Raimbaut d’Aurenga whose home was near Béziers. The best-known trobairitz, the Comtessa de Dia, was from Die in northern Provence. Alfonso, the count of Barcelona, who became king of Aragon and count of Provence, also wrote Occitan songs, as did a lesser Catalan nobleman, Guillem de Berguedà.

    Many of these poets traveled widely: Arnaut Daniel to Reims for the coronation of Philip Augustus, Giraut de Bornelh to Spain, Gaucelm Faidit to Romania, and Peire Vidal to the Holy Land on pilgrimage, to Hungary for a royal wedding, and to Malta on crusade. The Monk of Montaudon, in Auvergne, pretended in a song to have visited God in Paradise.

  • Before the Troubadours (950–1100)

  • Translated by William D. Paden, Northwestern University, Illinois, Frances Freeman Paden, Northwestern University, Illinois
  • Book:
    Troubadour Poems from the South of France
    Published by:
    Boydell & Brewer
    Published online:
    10 March 2023
    Print publication:
    30 November 2014, pp 13-20

  • Summary

    The earliest traces of written Occitan go back to the tenth and eleventh centuries. They include legal documents written in a blend of Latin and Occitan, or latin farci (“stuffed Latin”), that is, Latin interspersed with vernacular elements. Typically, Latin is employed for the more impersonal passages and Occitan for passages in which the speaker engages himself more directly.

    The oldest literary texts date from the same period. Their language is often difficult to determine precisely, in part because their transmission was unreliable. We have selected a tenth-century charm from folk medicine and, from the eleventh century, a bilingual dawn song with an Occitan refrain, a hymn to the Virgin, and a lyrical stanza. The stanza seems to have been written shortly before Guilhem IX of Aquitaine began to sing his songs. It differs from the other early texts in that it turns from ritualized incantation to expression of amorous desire. Like the dawn song, it seems to have been sung, since the transcription includes neumes, or musical lines; but in neither case did the scribe insert the notes. These four Occitan texts are anonymous and very short. Their transmission, compared to that of troubadour poems, was very frail. The charm and the amorous stanza were unknown until they were discovered in the margins of manuscripts in the 1980s.

Grammatical Inference
  • Learning Automata and Grammars
  • Colin de la Higuera
  • Published online:
    05 July 2014
    Print publication:
    01 April 2010
  • The problem of inducing, learning or inferring grammars has been studied for decades, but only in recent years has grammatical inference emerged as an independent field with connections to many scientific disciplines, including bio-informatics, computational linguistics and pattern recognition. This book meets the need for a comprehensive and unified summary of the basic techniques and results, suitable for researchers working in these various areas. In Part I, the objects of use for grammatical inference are studied in detail: strings and their topology, automata and grammars, whether probabilistic or not. Part II carefully explores the main questions in the field: What does learning mean? How can we associate complexity theory with learning? In Part III the author describes a number of techniques and algorithms that allow us to learn from text, from an informant, or through interaction with the environment. These concern automata, grammars, rewriting systems, pattern languages or transducers.

Computational Linguistics
  • An Introduction
  • Ralph Grishman
  • Published online:
    05 June 2012
    Print publication:
    06 November 1986
  • In spite of the rapid growth of interest in the computer analysis of language, this book provides an integrated introduction to the field. Inevitably, when many different approaches are still being considered, a straightforward work of synthesis would be neither possible nor practicable. Nevertheless, Ralph Grishman provides a valuable survey of various approaches to the problems of syntax analysis, semantic analysis, text analysis and natural language generation, while considering in greater detail those that seem to him most productive. The book is written for readers with some background in computer science and finite mathematics, but advanced knowledge of programming languages or compilers is not necessary and nor is a background in linguistics. The exposition is always clear and students will find the exercises and extensive bibliography supporting the text particularly helpful.

Statistical Machine Translation
  • Philipp Koehn
  • Published online:
    05 June 2012
    Print publication:
    17 December 2009
  • The dream of automatic language translation is now closer thanks to recent advances in the techniques that underpin statistical machine translation. This class-tested textbook from an active researcher in the field, provides a clear and careful introduction to the latest methods and explains how to build machine translation systems for any two languages. It introduces the subject's building blocks from linguistics and probability, then covers the major models for machine translation: word-based, phrase-based, and tree-based, as well as machine translation evaluation, language modeling, discriminative training and advanced methods to integrate linguistic annotation. The book also reports the latest research, presents the major outstanding challenges, and enables novices as well as experienced researchers to make novel contributions to this exciting area. Ideal for students at undergraduate and graduate level, or for anyone interested in the latest developments in machine translation.

Computational Linguistics and Formal Semantics
  • Edited by Michael Rosner, Roderick Johnson
  • Published online:
    05 June 2012
    Print publication:
    30 October 1992
  • This 1992 collection takes the exciting step of examining natural language phenomena from the perspective of both computational linguistics and formal semantics. Computational linguistics has until now been primarily concerned with the construction of computational models for handling the complexities of linguistic form, but has not tackled the questions of representing or computing meaning. Formal semantics, on the other hand, has attempted to account for the relations between forms and meanings, without necessarily attending to computational concerns. The book introduces the reader to the two disciplines and considers the prospects for the more unified and comprehensive computational theory of language which might obtain from their amalgamation. Of great interest to those working in the fields of computation, logic, semantics, artificial intelligence and linguistics generally.

Computational Semantics with Functional Programming
  • Jan van Eijck, Christina Unger
  • Published online:
    05 June 2012
    Print publication:
    23 September 2010
  • Computational semantics is the art and science of computing meaning in natural language. The meaning of a sentence is derived from the meanings of the individual words in it, and this process can be made so precise that it can be implemented on a computer. Designed for students of linguistics, computer science, logic and philosophy, this comprehensive text shows how to compute meaning using the functional programming language Haskell. It deals with both denotational meaning (where meaning comes from knowing the conditions of truth in situations), and operational meaning (where meaning is an instruction for performing cognitive action). Including a discussion of recent developments in logic, it will be invaluable to linguistics students wanting to apply logic to their studies, logic students wishing to learn how their subject can be applied to linguistics, and functional programmers interested in natural language processing as a new application area.

Computer-Assisted Language Learning
  • Edited by Glenn Stockwell
  • Published online:
    05 March 2012
    Print publication:
    02 February 2012
  • Computer-assisted language learning (CALL) is an approach to teaching and learning languages that uses computers and other technologies to present, reinforce, and assess material to be learned, or to create environments where teachers and learners can interact with one another and the outside world. This book provides a much-needed overview of the diverse approaches to research and practice in CALL. It differs from previous works in that it not only surveys the field, but also makes connections to actual practice and demonstrates the potential advantages and limitations of the diverse options available. These options are based squarely on existing research in the field, enabling readers to make informed decisions regarding their own research in CALL. This essential text helps readers to understand and embrace the diversity in the field, and helps to guide them in both research and practice.

Page 27 of 71