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26946 results in Economic history

Page 128 of 1348

  • “Carl Laemmle Presents”: A Story of Political and Cultural Risk in Germany, 1917–1934

  • Jeffrey Fear, Cristina Stanca-Mustea
  • Journal:
    Business History Review / Volume 95 / Issue 3 / Autumn 2021
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    20 May 2021, pp. 375-421
    Print publication:
    Autumn 2021

  • Led by German-born Carl Laemmle, Universal Pictures devoted itself to winning over the German market in the interwar period. Yet the German market proved difficult to crack, owing to political risk and cultural distance. We argue that cultural differences kept most American films from becoming more successful, even those that were shown in German theaters and prior to the advent of sound film. Universal Pictures resorted to a film strategy of localization using German actors and directors, which proved a winning formula just as the Nazis came to power.

  • RHE series 2 volume 39 issue 1 Cover and Back matter

  • Journal:
    Revista de Historia Economica - Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History / Volume 39 / Issue 1 / March 2021
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    05 March 2021, pp. b1-b2
    Print publication:
    March 2021
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Monetary War and Peace
  • London, Washington, Paris, and the Tripartite Agreement of 1936
  • Max Harris
  • Published online:
    24 February 2021
    Print publication:
    11 March 2021
  • The international monetary system imploded during the Great Depression. As the conventional narrative goes, the collapse of the gold standard and the rise of competitive devaluation sparked a monetary war that sundered the system, darkened the decade, and still serves as a warning to policymakers today. But this familiar tale is only half the story. With the Tripartite Agreement of 1936, Britain, America, and France united to end their monetary war and make peace. This agreement articulated a new vision, one in which the democracies promised to consult on exchange rate policy and uphold a liberal international system - at the very time fascist forces sought to destroy it. Max Harris explores this little-known but path-breaking and successful effort to revolutionize monetary relations, tracing the evolution of the monetary system in the twilight years before the Second World War and demonstrating that this history is not one solely of despair.

  • A reappraisal of Joseph Brennan and the achievements of Irish banking and currency policy 1922–1943

  • Eoin Drea, Frank Barry
  • Journal:
    Financial History Review / Volume 28 / Issue 1 / April 2021
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    22 February 2021, pp. 45-66

  • Joseph Brennan, as secretary of the Irish Department of Finance (1923–7) and chair of the Irish Currency Commission (1927–43), was a pivotal influence on Irish banking and currency affairs. Yet, within the existing literature, his adherence to conservative British norms is seen as providing a ‘bleak prescription’ for the Irish economy. However, such a view ignores the fact that Brennan was far from dogmatic on banking and currency issues and underplays his incrementalist, and often internationalist, approach to the development of Irish monetary institutions. Brennan's actions up to the early 1940s were based on the realities of Ireland's slowly receding economic and intellectual dependency on Britain, a ‘dependency’ often misrepresented in the existing literature as a more primitive, pre-Keynesian, conservative approach. However, rather than acting as a restraining influence on Irish economic development, the policies Brennan advocated enabled Ireland to avoid the instability associated with many smaller, emerging nation states in the 1920s and 1930s. The focus on continuity – which guaranteed currency and banking stability – represented the realities of Ireland's reliance on the sluggish British economy in the decades after independence. Brennan's achievement, in helping to sustain banking and currency stability notwithstanding economic uncertainty, a fragile political environment (and suspicious banking interests), deserves wider acknowledgement.

  • 5 - The Accord

  • from Part II - The Accord and Its Aftermath
  • Kenneth D. Garbade
  • Book:
    After the Accord
    Published online:
    14 January 2021
    Print publication:
    04 February 2021, pp 75-83

  • Summary

    Describes the circumstances that led to the Accord and the terms of the agreement: removal of the remaining interest rate ceilings in return for a Federal Reserve commitment to support Treasury offerings priced at market.

  • 11 - Policy Instruments for Reserves Management

  • from Part III - The New Regime
  • Kenneth D. Garbade
  • Book:
    After the Accord
    Published online:
    14 January 2021
    Print publication:
    04 February 2021, pp 150-166

  • Summary

    Having settled, at least for the time being, on free reserves as a policy guide, the FOMC had to identify one or more instruments that it could use to expand or contract the size of the System Open Market Account according to the policy decisions of the Committee. Bills sufficed for operations of a modest size (no more than about $200 million) intended to remain in place for several weeks, but they were not liquid enough for larger operations expected to be quickly reversed. As a result, and in the face of strenuous objections from some Committee members, the Committee came to rely on repurchase agreements when it wanted to sterilize transient fluctuations in autonomous factors.

  • 19 - Operation Twist

  • from Part V - The End of Bills Preferably
  • Kenneth D. Garbade
  • Book:
    After the Accord
    Published online:
    14 January 2021
    Print publication:
    04 February 2021, pp 288-316

  • Summary

    Examines the February 1961 decision of the FOMC to undertake purchases of intermediate- and long-term notes and bonds with the intent of keeping reserves readily available and perhaps lowering longer-term interest rates – thus marking the end of “bills preferably” – even while putting a floor under bill rates.

  • 26 - Securities Lending

  • from Part VII - Updating Market Infrastructures
  • Kenneth D. Garbade
  • Book:
    After the Accord
    Published online:
    14 January 2021
    Print publication:
    04 February 2021, pp 400-412

  • Summary

    Faced with a growing volume of settlement fails in 1969, the FOMC approved a novel program to lend Treasury securities to primary dealers for the purpose of avoiding redelivery fails.

Page 128 of 1348