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9772 results in Engineering: general interest

Page 132 of 489

Catalogue of the Special Loan Collection of Scientific Apparatus at the South Kensington Museum 1876
  • Volume 2
  • Published online:
    05 November 2012
    Print publication:
    29 December 2011
    First published in:
    1877
  • In 1876 the South Kensington Museum held a major international exhibition of scientific instruments and equipment, both historical and contemporary. Many of the items were retained and eventually formed the basis of important collections now held at the Science Museum, London. This is the 1877 third edition of the exhibition catalogue, which was expanded to include a 'large number of objects' received since the publication of the second edition, and which also included corrections in order to 'afford a complete record of the collection for future reference'. In two volumes and twenty sections comprising over 4,500 entries, the catalogue lists a huge variety of items, ranging from slide rules and telescopes to lighthouse parts and medical equipment. It gives detailed explanations of how they were used, and notes of their ownership and provenance, while the opening pages comprehensively record the contributing individuals and institutions in Britain, Europe and America.

Lectures on Natural Philosophy
  • The Result of Many Years' Practical Experience of the Facts Elucidated
  • Margaret Bryan
  • Published online:
    05 October 2012
    Print publication:
    12 October 2011
    First published in:
    1806
  • Margaret Bryan (c.1760–1816) taught natural science to women at a time when it was largely the preserve of men. She ran a boarding school for girls in Blackheath, London, from 1795 to 1806, and the curriculum included mathematics and sciences - rarely offered to young women. She published her lecture notes on astronomy in 1797, and after their positive reception she decided to undertake another volume of lectures. This resulting work, published in 1806, is a collection of Bryan's lectures on 'natural philosophy', containing thirteen chapters on topics such as mechanics, pneumatics and acoustics, magnetism and electricity. Each chapter provides illustrations, and at the end of the volume there is an appendix with astronomical and geographical questions and exercises, as well as a scientific glossary. These lectures provide a glimpse into the little-known world of women's education towards the end of the Georgian period.

Passages from the Life of a Philosopher
  • Charles Babbage
  • Published online:
    05 October 2012
    Print publication:
    12 October 2011
    First published in:
    1864
  • The mathematician and engineer Charles Babbage (1791–1871) is best remembered for his 'calculating machines', which are considered the forerunner of modern computers. Over the course of his life he wrote a number of books based on his scientific investigations, but in this volume, published in 1864, Babbage writes in a more personal vein. He points out at the beginning of the work that it 'does not aspire to the name of autobiography', though the chapters sketch out the contours of his life, beginning with his family, his childhood and formative years studying at Cambridge, and moving through various episodes in his scientific career. However, the work also diverges into his observations on other topics, as indicated by chapter titles such as 'Street Nuisances' and 'Wit'. Babbage's colourful recollections give an intimate portrait of the life of one of Britain's most influential inventors.

Reporting Results
  • A Practical Guide for Engineers and Scientists
  • David C. van Aken, William F. Hosford
  • Published online:
    05 September 2012
    Print publication:
    05 May 2008
  • This brief guide is ideal for science and engineering students and professionals to help them communicate technical information clearly, accurately, and effectively. The focus is on the most common communication forms, including laboratory reports, research articles, and oral presentations, and on common issues that arise in classroom and professional practice. This book will be especially useful to students in a first chemistry or physics laboratory course. Advanced courses will often use the same formatting as required for submission to technical journals or for technical report writing, which is the focus of this book. Good communication habits are appropriate in all forms of technical communication. This book will help the reader develop effective communication skills. It is also ideal as a reference on stylistic and grammar issues throughout a technical career. Unlike most texts, which concentrate on writing style, this book also treats oral presentations, graphing, and analysis of data.

  • Introduction

  • Sreco Bradic
  • Book:
    Hawker Hunter
    Published by:
    Amsterdam University Press
    Published online:
    26 March 2024
    Print publication:
    25 August 2012, pp 2-48

  • Summary

    The most successful British jet fighter produced was without doubt the sleek and graceful Hawker Hunter. As usual for every new aircraft type it had its share of teething problems, but when these were all adequately solved the U.K. had at that time one of the best jet fighters available. It was built in large numbers and exported to many countries. As a military fighter the Hunter is now retired for many years but even today several airworthy Hunters are still present in the air-show circuit! With their easy maintenance and straightforward construction they’ll hopefully continue to be the star at various air-shows in the coming years!

    A step-by-step development from the Hawker Seahawk

    Shortly after the war, Hawker produced for the Royal Navy the Hawker Seahawk jet fighter fitted with straight wings and a Rolls Royce Nene centrifugal jet engine. As first step towards the Hunter, the Seahawk was fitted with 35° swept wings as the Hawker P.1052. However it still had the same tail as the Seahawk. It flew for the first time in November 1948. Later, the second P.1052 was fitted with a new rear fuselage with a swept tail as the P.1083. It still had a Rolls Royce Nene which resulted in a relatively broad fuselage. Redesigned with the new axial flow Rolls Royce Avon jet engine and with a much sleeker fuselage, this would finally result in the P.1067, the Hunter prototype. Both P.1052 and P.1083 were unable to exceed the speed of sound in a dive. The Hunter could do this without problem! So, the Hunter was not a radical new design, but the result of a step-by-step further development of the first Hawker jet fighter, the Seahawk.

    Early test flying and development

    For replacement of the Gloster Meteor both Vickers Armstrong (Supermarine) and Hawker developed a fast-climbing jet fighter with trans-sonic capability that resulted finally in the Swift and the Hunter. The Royal Air Force clearly betted on two horses at that time and both types finally entered production.

    The Hawker P.1067 design, following Specification F.3/48 (later replaced by Spec. F.43/46) was submitted to the Air Ministry to meet this specification. This was awarded on 14 March 1951 by a contract for the construction of three prototypes. These three aircraft received the R.A.F. serial numbers WB188, WB195 and WB202. As already discussed the P.1067 had its pedigree in two steps from the Seahawk.

Holographic and Speckle Interferometry
  • 2nd edition
  • Robert Jones, Catherine Wykes
  • Published online:
    05 August 2012
    Print publication:
    26 January 1989
  • Holographic and speckle interferometry are optical techniques which use lasers to make non-contracting field view measurements at a sensitivity of the wavelength of light on optically rough (i.e. non-mirrored) surfaces. They may be used to measure static or dynamic displacements, the shape of objects, and refractive index variations of transparent media. As such, these techniques have been applied to the solution of a wide range of problems in strain and vibrational analysis, non-destructive testing (NDT), component inspection and design analysis and fluid flow visualisation. This book provides a self-contained, unified, theoretical analysis of the basic principles and associated opto-electronic techniques (for example Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry). In addition, a detailed discussion of experimental design and practical application to the solution of physical problems is presented. In this new edition, the authors have taken the opportunity to include a much more coherent description of more than twenty individual case studies that are representative of the main uses to which the techniques are put. The Bibliography has also been brought up to date.

Studies in Spectrum Analysis
  • Norman Lockyer
  • Published online:
    05 August 2012
    Print publication:
    03 November 2011
    First published in:
    1878
  • Sir Joseph Norman Lockyer (1836–1920) was one of the pioneers of astronomical spectroscopy and became one of the most influential astronomers of his time. His main interest was sun spectroscopy, which led him to discover helium independently of Pierre Janssen, a scientist who posited its existence in the same year. In addition to his work in astronomy, Lockyer was one of the founders of Nature and was the editor of the journal for its first fifty years. This is the second edition of Lockyer's guide to spectroscopy, first published in 1878. It begins with the basics of spectroscopy such as the physics of waves and the method of observing spectra. Later chapters describe the history of the method and some of Lockyer's own experiments and findings. This book is a fascinating part of the history of astronomy, giving insights into the development of a method vital to the field.

Dissections
  • Plane and Fancy
  • Greg N. Frederickson
  • Published online:
    05 August 2012
    Print publication:
    28 November 1997
  • Can you cut an octagon into 5 pieces and rearrange them into a square? How about turning a star into a pentagon? These are just two of the infinite challenges of geometric dissections, the mathematical art of cutting figures into pieces that can be rearranged to form other figures, using as few pieces as possible. This book shows you many ingenious ways to solve these problems and the beautiful constructions you can create. Through the ages, geometric dissections have fascinated puzzle fans and great mathematicians alike. Here you will find dissections known to Plato alongside exciting new discoveries. The author explains solution methods carefully, assuming only a basic knowledge of high school geometry, then poses puzzles for you to solve. He also introduces the people - famous, not-so-famous, and obscure - who have worked on these problems, travelling from the palace school of tenth-century Baghdad to the mathematical puzzle columns in turn-of-the-century newspapers, from the 1900 Paris Congress of Mathematicians to the night sky of Canberra. This beautifully illustrated book will provide hours of enjoyment for any mathematical puzzle enthusiast.

Building Scientific Apparatus
  • 4th edition
  • John H. Moore, Christopher C. Davis, Michael A. Coplan
  • With contributions by Sandra C. Greer
  • Published online:
    05 August 2012
    Print publication:
    25 June 2009
  • Unrivalled in its coverage and unique in its hands-on approach, this guide to the design and construction of scientific apparatus is essential reading for every scientist and student of engineering, and physical, chemical, and biological sciences. Covering the physical principles governing the operation of the mechanical, optical and electronic parts of an instrument, new sections on detectors, low-temperature measurements, high-pressure apparatus, and updated engineering specifications, as well as 400 figures and tables, have been added to this edition. Data on the properties of materials and components used by manufacturers are included. Mechanical, optical, and electronic construction techniques carried out in the lab, as well as those let out to specialized shops, are also described. Step-by-step instruction supported by many detailed figures, is given for laboratory skills such as soldering electrical components, glassblowing, brazing, and polishing.

A Student's Guide to Data and Error Analysis
  • Herman J. C. Berendsen
  • Published online:
    05 June 2012
    Print publication:
    07 April 2011
  • All students taking laboratory courses within the physical sciences and engineering will benefit from this book, whilst researchers will find it an invaluable reference. This concise, practical guide brings the reader up-to-speed on the proper handling and presentation of scientific data and its inaccuracies. It covers all the vital topics with practical guidelines, computer programs (in Python), and recipes for handling experimental errors and reporting experimental data. In addition to the essentials, it also provides further background material for advanced readers who want to understand how the methods work. Plenty of examples, exercises and solutions are provided to aid and test understanding, whilst useful data, tables and formulas are compiled in a handy section for easy reference.

The Elements of Nonlinear Optics
  • Paul N. Butcher, David Cotter
  • Published online:
    05 June 2012
    Print publication:
    27 July 1990
  • There has recently been a rapid growth of activity in nonlinear optics. Effects such as frequency doubling, stimulated Raman scattering, phase conjugation and solitons are of great interest both for their fundamental properties and their many important applications in science and engineering. It is mainly these applications - especially in telecommunications and information processing - that have stimulated the recent surge of activity. This book is a self contained account of the most important principles of nonlinear optics. Assuming only a familiarity with basic mathematics, the fundamentals of nonlinear optics are fully developed from basic concepts. The essential quantum mechanical apparatus is introduced and explained. In later chapters the underlying ideas are illustrated by discussing particular experimental configurations and materials. This book will be an invaluable introduction to the field for beginning graduates in physics or engineering, and will provide an excellent overview and reference work for active researchers in the field.

Reliability in Scientific Research
  • Improving the Dependability of Measurements, Calculations, Equipment, and Software
  • I. R. Walker
  • Published online:
    05 June 2012
    Print publication:
    27 January 2011
  • Covering many techniques widely used in research, this book will help researchers in the physical sciences and engineering solve troublesome - and potentially very time consuming - problems in their work. The book deals with technical difficulties that often arise unexpectedly during the use of various common experimental methods, as well as with human error. It provides preventive measures and solutions for such problems, thereby saving valuable time for researchers. Some of the topics covered are: sudden leaks in vacuum systems, electromagnetic interference in electronic instruments, vibrations in sensitive equipment, and bugs in computer software. The book also discusses mistakes in mathematical calculations, and pitfalls in designing and carrying out experiments. Each chapter contains a summary of its key points, to give a quick overview of important potential problems and their solutions in a given area.

Ethics in Engineering Practice and Research
  • Caroline Whitbeck
  • Foreword by Woodie C. Flowers
  • Published online:
    05 June 2012
    Print publication:
    13 March 1998
  • Engineers encounter difficult ethical problems in their practice and in research. In many ways, these problems are like design problems: they are complex, often ill-defined; resolving them involves an iterative process of analysis and synthesis; and there can be more than one acceptable solution. This book offers a real-world, problem-centered approach to engineering ethics, using a rich collection of open-ended scenarios and case studies to develop skill in recognizing and addressing ethical issues.

Engineering Design
  • Representation and Reasoning
  • 2nd edition
  • Clive L. Dym, David C. Brown
  • Published online:
    05 June 2012
    Print publication:
    09 April 2012
  • Contrary to popular mythology, the designs of favorable products and successful systems do not appear suddenly, or magically. This second edition of Engineering Design demonstrates that symbolic representation and related problem-solving methods, offer significant opportunities to clarify and articulate concepts of design to lay a better framework for design research and design education. Artificial Intelligence (AI) provides a substantial body of material concerned with understanding and modeling cognitive processes. This book adopts the vocabulary and a paradigm of AI to enhance the presentation and explanation of design. It includes concepts from AI because of their explanatory power and their utility as possible ingredients of practical design activity. This second edition has been enriched by the inclusion of recent work on design reasoning, computational design, AI in design, and design cognition, with pointers to a wide cross section of the current literature.

A Student's Guide to Vectors and Tensors
  • Daniel A. Fleisch
  • Published online:
    05 June 2012
    Print publication:
    22 September 2011
  • Vectors and tensors are among the most powerful problem-solving tools available, with applications ranging from mechanics and electromagnetics to general relativity. Understanding the nature and application of vectors and tensors is critically important to students of physics and engineering. Adopting the same approach used in his highly popular A Student's Guide to Maxwell's Equations, Fleisch explains vectors and tensors in plain language. Written for undergraduate and beginning graduate students, the book provides a thorough grounding in vectors and vector calculus before transitioning through contra and covariant components to tensors and their applications. Matrices and their algebra are reviewed on the book's supporting website, which also features interactive solutions to every problem in the text where students can work through a series of hints or choose to see the entire solution at once. Audio podcasts give students the opportunity to hear important concepts in the book explained by the author.

A Student's Guide to Maxwell's Equations
  • Daniel Fleisch
  • Published online:
    05 June 2012
    Print publication:
    10 January 2008
  • Gauss's law for electric fields, Gauss's law for magnetic fields, Faraday's law, and the Ampere–Maxwell law are four of the most influential equations in science. In this guide for students, each equation is the subject of an entire chapter, with detailed, plain-language explanations of the physical meaning of each symbol in the equation, for both the integral and differential forms. The final chapter shows how Maxwell's equations may be combined to produce the wave equation, the basis for the electromagnetic theory of light. This book is a wonderful resource for undergraduate and graduate courses in electromagnetism and electromagnetics. A website hosted by the author at www.cambridge.org/9780521701471 contains interactive solutions to every problem in the text as well as audio podcasts to walk students through each chapter.

Engines
  • An Introduction
  • John L. Lumley
  • Published online:
    05 June 2012
    Print publication:
    28 June 1999
  • The internal combustion engine that powers the modern automobile has changed very little from its initial design of some eighty years ago. Unlike many high tech advances, engine design still depends on an understanding of basic fluid mechanics and thermodynamics. This text offers a fresh approach to the study of engines, with an emphasis on design and on fluid dynamics. Professor Lumley, a renowned fluid dynamicist, provides a lucid explanation of how air and fuel are mixed, how they get into the engine, what happens to them there, and how they get out again. Particular attention is given to the complex issue of pollution. Examples are taken from the early days of engine design, as well as the latest designs, such as stratified charge gasoline direct injection engines. It is intended that the text be used in conjunction with the Stanford Engine Simulation Program (ESP). This user-friendly, interactive software tool answers a significant need not addressed by other texts on engines.

Ethics in Engineering Practice and Research
  • 2nd edition
  • Caroline Whitbeck
  • Published online:
    05 June 2012
    Print publication:
    15 August 2011
  • The first edition of Caroline Whitbeck's Ethics in Engineering Practice and Research focused on the difficult ethical problems engineers encounter in their practice and in research. In many ways, these problems are like design problems: they are complex, often ill defined; resolving them involves an iterative process of analysis and synthesis; and there can be more than one acceptable solution. In the second edition of this text, Dr Whitbeck goes above and beyond by featuring more real-life problems, stating recent scenarios and laying the foundation of ethical concepts and reasoning. This book offers a real-world, problem-centered approach to engineering ethics, using a rich collection of open-ended case studies to develop skill in recognizing and addressing ethical issues.

Design Paradigms
  • Case Histories of Error and Judgment in Engineering
  • Henry Petroski
  • Published online:
    05 June 2012
    Print publication:
    27 May 1994
  • From ancient Greek temples to twentieth-century towers, engineers have learned more about design from failure than success. The concept of error, according to the author, is central to the design process. As a way of explaining the enduring aspects of engineering design, he relates stories of some of the greatest engineering successes and failures of all time. These case studies, drawn from a wide range of times and places, serve as paradigms of error and judgment in engineering design. By showing how errors were introduced in the design process and how they might be avoided, the book suggests how better quality and reliability might be achieved in designed devices, structures, and systems of all kinds. Clearly written, with striking illustrations, the book will appeal to engineering students, practising engineers, historians of science and technology, and all those interested in learning about the process of design.

Page 132 of 489