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106462 results in European studies

Page 25 of 5324

  • 16 - The Soviet War Effort

  • from Part V - Home Fronts
  • Edited by David Stahel, University of New South Wales, Canberra
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Companion to the Nazi-Soviet War
    Published online:
    13 November 2025
    Print publication:
    20 November 2025, pp 281-298

  • Summary

    This chapter argues that by any measure – mass conscription, full economic mobilization, blurring of civilians and combatants, blockades, sieges, scorched earth, murderous occupation, unfree labour, and state control – the Soviet Union was involved in ‘Total War’. The Soviet state set a new benchmark in its exhaustive mobilization of resources, including human labour. The government, reaching the height of its power, achieved a mobilization of resources for the front so complete that the home front population was close to collapse by the war’s end. Covering the period from the invasion in 1941 to the end of the war, the chapter examines the mass evacuation of people, industry, and herds in the face of invasion; the rationing system and supplementary food policies; compulsory labour mobilization of free citizens and prisoners; labour laws and repression; propaganda and popular support; and the liberation of the occupied territories. It examines the deep sacrifices made by ordinary people in terms of consumption, living and working conditions, and daily life in order to provision the front.

  • Case 19

  • D. L. d'Avray, University College London
  • Book:
    Debating Papal History, c. 250–c. 1300
    Published online:
    03 November 2025
    Print publication:
    20 November 2025, pp 175-184

  • Summary

    A transformation of the concept of celibacy led to exclusion of priests sons and other illegitimate men from clerical careers, but the rigour of the rule was increasingly tempered by dispensation.

Page 25 of 5324