Transliterations
For consistency, pinyin is used for all Chinese names, except in cases of direct quotations or customary usage, such as Peking University and Chiang Kai-shek. When applicable, the romanization system used at the time is included in parentheses upon first mention.
Citation Practices
In the chapter notes, the first reference to a source includes a full citation. Subsequent references to the same source use shortened citations. The bibliography provides full bibliographic details for all cited sources, except for historical newspapers, periodicals, and archival entries, which are only cited in the chapter notes.