Older adults aged 75 and older (75+) represent the fastest-growing demographic in the USA yet remain underrepresented in prevention-focused clinical research. This scoping review evaluated recruitment strategies used in healthy aging clinical trials targeting this population, with particular attention to technology-enabled and belonging-focused approaches.

A PubMed search initially identified only four US-based studies focused on adults aged 75+. To broaden the scope and enrich the analysis, additional studies involving adults aged 65+ and those with pre-existing conditions were included, yielding a total of 23 relevant studies. Recruitment strategies were analyzed using the Design for Belonging framework to assess how inclusion and engagement were fostered.

Findings revealed that adults aged 75+ preferred traditional methods – targeted mailings, phone calls, and in-person outreach – due to barriers related to digital access and usability. In contrast, adults aged 65+ showed greater receptivity to digital tools such as electronic health records, social media, and web-based enrollment. Community engagement and culturally tailored materials are effective across all age groups. However, few studies addressed later-stage engagement strategies like advocacy and trust repair.

These results underscore the importance of tailoring recruitment strategies to aging subgroups, combining personalized outreach with inclusive design to enhance equity and retention in clinical research.

The evaluation of usual food intake is of central importance in nutritional epidemiology studies. Some authors propose the usual dietary recall (UDR) as a viable method for assessing usual food intake; however, its characteristics remain poorly understood. The objective of this study is to review the literature on the application and performance characteristics of the UDR as a dietary assessment method. Electronic search strategies were conducted using the Excerpta Medica Database, Publisher Medline, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature, Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) Periodicals Portal, and Google Scholar. Studies published in Portuguese, English, and Spanish were included, with no restrictions on publication date. Eligible studies included those utilising the UDR in experimental or observational designs, as well as literature reviews. A total of 116 studies were included in the review. The most common application method (n 34; 29·3 %) involved reporting foods typically consumed over a 24-h period. However, most studies (n 66; 56·9 %) did not specify the method for applying the UDR. Key limitations identified included under or overestimation (n 9; 7·8 %), memory bias (n 7; 6·0 %) and the lack of instrument validation (n 5; 4·3 %). Findings show that the UDR lacks a standardised application method, and its validity remains unconfirmed. Future research should establish a standardised protocol and assess its psychometric properties to reduce errors and biases, ensuring accurate dietary assessments in nutritional epidemiology.

Due to an increased awareness of the prevalence and impact of trauma, “trauma-informed care” (TIC) was developed as an organisational framework aiming to centre the needs of survivors of trauma. TIC proposes that organisations can reduce trauma exposure by embedding specific principles (e.g., safety and trust) at every level of an organisation, improving the organisation for both service users and providers. Recent reviews of TIC implementation efforts have demonstrated its use in diverse settings; however, studies are overwhelmingly situated in high-income, predominantly English-speaking countries. Rather than reflecting a lack of TIC efforts in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), these findings may be a result of the newness of the term TIC. To create a more inclusive evidence map, the current review captures efforts conducted in LMICs that may or may not use the label of TIC but align with the organisational approaches and key principles of TIC. A search of four databases and review of relevant references yielded 3,091 results, of which 255 met the inclusion criteria. Implementation efforts took place across 39 LMICs. The vast majority included involvement of another country, most commonly the United States. Approximately 90% of efforts were implemented within medical settings, and 69% focused on the TIC principle of cultural, historical and gender issues. The results of the current review have both theoretical and applied implications for TIC research. They query how and by whom TIC is conceptualised and defined, and how TIC aligns with other global research approaches. Results also highlight the need for organisational TIC interventions to conduct comprehensive baseline assessments of current efforts before implementing new efforts to avoid unintentional duplication. As the adoption of TIC frameworks becomes more widespread, it is imperative to increase research efforts aimed at developing a more thorough and inclusive definition of TIC.

This scoping review provides an overview of the impact of fruit and vegetable (FAV) consumption on cognitive function in adolescents and young adults between January 2014 and February 2024. A comprehensive search across six databases, CINAHL, PubMed-MEDLINE, ProQuest, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase, identified 5,181 articles, of which six met the inclusion criteria after deduplication and screening. This scoping review focused on individuals aged 11–35 years in schools, colleges, universities, and communities. Following a descriptive and narrative synthesis of the data, tables and figures were used to present the findings. Across the six included studies, most consistently demonstrated a positive association between higher fruit and vegetable (FAV) intake and improved cognitive performance among adolescents and young adults. This association was evident in both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies, with stronger effects observed for whole fruits and vegetables high in fibre and polyphenols. Cognitive domains positively impacted included psychomotor speed, memory, attention, and mood. However, findings varied by type of food and cognitive domain; while whole FAVs were generally beneficial, results for fruit juice were mixed—some studies showed acute benefits. Differences in study designs, dietary assessment tools, and cognitive measures contributed to variability. Despite these inconsistencies, the overall trend supports a beneficial role of FAV consumption in promoting cognitive health during adolescence and early adulthood. This review demonstrates that increased fruit and vegetable consumption is consistently linked to improved cognitive function in adolescents and young adults. However, further research is needed to establish its long-term effects on cognitive ageing and disease prevention

Phlebotomine sand flies are found across multiple regions of Thailand, with growing recognition of their role in transmitting zoonotic pathogens. Environmental factors, including climate variability and vector ecology, may influence their distribution and activity, contributing to the potential spread of zoonotic pathogens in Southeast Asia. However, comprehensive data on sand fly distribution in Thailand remain limited. To address this gap, a systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Out of 112 records retrieved, 33 met the inclusion criteria and quality assessment for further analysis. As per results, sand flies are widespread in Thailand, with a high level of species diversity comprising 42 species of 6 different genera. However, several provinces lack data on the presence and distribution of sand flies. Eleven species were identified as the overall abundant species throughout the studies from January 2007 to June 2025 and grouped by abundance: low-abundance species (Sergentomyia barguesae, Sergentomyia phadangensis, Sergentomyia barraudi and Sergentomyia indica), abundant but understudied species (Sergentomyia sylvatica, Sergentomyia anodontis and Neopulpus vietnamensis) and most abundant species (Sergentomyia hodgsoni, Sergentomyia gemmea, Sergentomyia iyengari and Sergentomyia khawi). From the most abundant species, S. khawi tested positive for several pathogens, such as Leishmania spp., Trypanosoma spp., Bartonella spp. and orbivirus. Besides, S. khawi has been shown to exhibit human-biting behaviour through the analysis of blood meal. These findings raise concerns about its potential role in pathogen transmission, especially concerning zoonotic pathogens. However, vector competence remains unproven for some of these pathogens, suggesting the need for further research.

This scoping review directs attention to artificial intelligence–mediated informal language learning (AI-ILL), defined as autonomous, self-directed, out-of-class second and foreign language (L2) learning practices involving AI tools. Through analysis of 65 empirical studies published up to mid-April 2025, it maps the landscape of this emerging field and identifies the key antecedents and outcomes. Findings revealed a nascent field characterized by exponential growth following ChatGPT’s release, geographical concentration in East Asia, methodological dominance of cross-sectional designs, and limited theoretical foundations. Analysis also demonstrated that learners’ AI-mediated informal learning practices are influenced by cognitive, affective, and sociocontextual factors, while producing significant benefits across linguistic, affective, and cognitive dimensions, particularly enhanced speaking proficiency and reduced communication anxiety. This review situates AI-ILL as an evolving subfield within intelligent CALL and suggests important directions for future research to understand the potential of constantly emerging AI technologies in supporting autonomous L2 development beyond the classroom.

This scoping review investigates the complex landscape of fake news research, focusing on its link with attitudinal polarization and identifying key themes in the literature. Our objectives included mapping the main themes in fake news literature, analyzing how these themes connect, examining how polarization is conceptualized across studies, and how fake news and attitudinal polarization are related. Through an extensive theme analysis of fake news research sourced from SCOPUS and Web of Science databases, we identified four major thematic areas: (1) the influence of technologies and platforms on fake news, (2) user engagement and behavioral responses to fake news, (3) fake news characteristics and their social consequences, and (4) strategies for fake news detection and countermeasures. In-depth analysis of 20 selected peer-reviewed papers revealed significant inconsistencies in the operationalization of both fake news and polarization and in the definitions of polarization. Regarding evidence on fake news’ influence on polarization, mixed results are found, with some studies indicating attitude reinforcement, while others find negligible effects. This scoping review highlights the need for standardized methodologies to clarify fake news’ role in attitudinal polarization and societal division, calling for a unified framework in fake news and polarization research to advance understanding of fake news’ societal impact.

Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) is a significant public health concern, disproportionately affecting socioeconomically disadvantaged populations, including individuals experiencing poverty, homelessness, incarceration, and injection drug use. This scoping review synthesizes existing literature on factors influencing CA-MRSA occurrence and community transmission in these populations. A comprehensive search of PubMed, MEDLINE, and Scopus for studies published between January 2000 and February 2024 identified 3,223 articles, of which 40 met the inclusion criteria. Findings indicate that the CA-MRSA burden remains high, with community transmission influenced by factors, such as limited access to hygiene resources, structural barriers to care, and social network dynamics. Surveillance and intervention strategies remain largely healthcare-focused, with limited data on community-level transmission and risk. This review highlights the urgent need for targeted public health interventions and the adoption of expanded, innovative surveillance methods, such as genomic epidemiology, to better track and mitigate CA-MRSA transmission in vulnerable populations. As antibiotic resistance continues to rise, future research should prioritize longitudinal studies and community-based surveillance to develop effective, population-specific infection prevention, and control strategies.

Critical interpretive synthesis was introduced in 2006 to address various shortcomings of systematic reviews such as their limitations in synthesizing heterogeneous data, integrating diverse study types, and generating theoretical insights. This review sought to outline the methodological process of conducting critical interpretive syntheses by identifying the methods currently in use, mapping the processes that have been used to date, and highlighting directions for further research. To achieve this, a scoping review of critical interpretive syntheses published between 2006 and 2023 was conducted. Initial searches identified 1628 publications and after removal of duplicates and exclusions, 212 reviews were included in the study. Most reviews focused on health-related subjects. Authors chose to utilize the method due to its iterative, inductive, and recursive nature. Both question-based and topic-based reviews were conducted. Literature searches relied on electronic databases and reference chaining. Mapping to the original six-phase model showed most variability in use of sampling and quality assessment phases, which were each done in 50.7% of reviews. Data extraction utilized a data extraction table. Synthesis involved constant comparison, critique, and consolidation of themes into constructs, and a synthesizing argument. Refining critical interpretive synthesis methodology and its best practices are important for optimizing the utility and impact and ensuring findings are relevant and actionable for informing policy, practice, and future research.

Based on promising preliminary results from clinical trials, it seems likely that psychedelic substances (classic serotonergic psychedelics, such as psilocybin, and entactogens, such as MDMA) will be introduced into psychiatry as psychedelic-assisted therapy. This also raises a range of ethical questions that urgently need to be addressed before widespread roll-out in society. This scoping review fills a gap in the literature by providing an overview of these ethical issues using a systematic search, presentation, and descriptive analysis of ethical issues in psychedelic-assisted treatments. It includes peer-reviewed studies pertaining to human study participants and psychiatric patients (population), which discuss ethical issues (concept) of psychedelic treatments (context) in clinical trials and other clinical applications. The systematic search included several databases: MEDLINE, PsycInfo, CINAHL, HeinOnline, and PsycArticles. The search strategy, including all identified keywords and index terms, was adapted for each included database. The search was completed in June 2025 and studies published until then in any language were included. After an iterative process of inductive and deductive coding of ethical issues, the scoping review comprises seven themes related to the ethics of psychedelic-assisted treatments: (1) safety and patient well-being, (2) therapeutic relationships, (3) informed consent, (4) equity and access, (5) research ethics, (6) special contexts, and (7) societal and cultural implications. The results can be used to inform and stimulate further discussion and in-depth research on the ethics of psychedelic-assisted treatments, possibly leading to more nuanced debate surrounding a safer and more ethical implementation of psychedelic-assisted treatments in the future.

More than 116 million people in Africa live with mental health conditions. However, many African countries lack the infrastructure, training and workforce to effectively manage psychiatric emergencies. This has led to overuse of controversial practices such as physical and chemical restraint and involuntary seclusion, often violating patient rights. We conducted a scoping review of restraint and seclusion practices and their impacts in African clinical settings using the PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, PsycInfo and ProQuest databases. Titles/abstracts and full texts were reviewed for inclusion using the Covidence platform, and 29 studies were included in the final extraction. Restraint and/or seclusion were employed to manage aggression, enable involuntary treatment or prevent self-harm. Patients found restraint and seclusion to be dehumanizing, a cause of posttraumatic stress and a barrier to future help-seeking. Healthcare workers described inadequate training, overuse of restraint and seclusion, injuries and emotional distress after employing these treatments. Further research, intervention development and policy reform are urgently needed to promote humane and patient-centered psychiatric care, including verbal de-escalation training, in underresourced healthcare systems.

Implementing changes to digital health systems in real-life contexts poses many challenges. Design as a field has the potential to tackle some of these. This article illustrates how design knowledge, through published literature, is currently referenced in relation to the implementation of digital health. To map design literature’s contribution to this field, we conducted a scoping review on digital health implementation publications and their use of references from nine prominent design journals. The search in Scopus and Web of Science yielded 382 digital health implementation publications, of which 70 were included for analysis. From those, we extracted data on publication characteristics and how they cited the design literature. The 70 publications cited 58 design articles, whose characteristics were also extracted. The results show that design is mainly cited to provide information about specific design methods and approaches, guidelines for using them and evidence of their benefits. Examples of referenced methods and approaches were co-design, prototyping, human-centered design, service design, understanding user needs and design thinking. The results thus show that design knowledge primarily contributed to digital health implementation with insights into methods and approaches. In addition, our method showcases a new way for understanding how design literature influences other fields.