Hume clearly distinguishes between better and worse causal inferences, notably in his “Rules by which to judge of causes and effects” in Treatise 1.3.15. Although Hume describes these rules as “all the logic I think proper to employ” in his philosophy (Treatise 1.3.15.11), the literature has paid relatively little attention to it. This chapter will investigate these eight rules, as well as their basis in Hume’s discussion of general rules. The paper then examines two controversial causal inferences in light of these rules by which to judge of causes and effects: first, the postulation of the calm passions; second, the missing shade of blue. As Hume himself recognizes, the correct application of these rules can be an enigmatic affair. Nevertheless, I find that there is reason to think that while Hume abides by these rules in his postulation of the calm passions, the missing shade of blue constitutes a gross violation of these same rules.

This chapter focuses on the county level of analysis. Drawing from fieldwork conducted in the county seat, it studies the Jinyun County’s response to the 19th Party Congress and state’s further elaboration upon the Rural Revitalization Strategy. It highlights how a ’xiangchou plan’, concocted in summer 2018, culminated in a five-year developmental strategy: ’Jinyun’s Xiangchou Industries to Enrich the People’. Interviews highlight the county’s ambitions to coin the term “Xiangchou Industries” and to make it a national model for revitalization, replicable and adaptable by small towns and villages nationwide. The usage of xiangchou as the means and model for rural revival highlights the potency of feelings such as ‘homesickness’ embedded in xiangchou, and it reminds us how the countryside is central to the imagining of this ‘hometown.’ This Chapter also discusses the application of the ’hometown ethnography’ as method and explores the ’hometown’ as a topic for ethnographic study.

This study of theatre censorship has laid bare the boundaries of the permissible; the messages that people – from bureaucrats to artists, playwrights, and spectators – promoted to advance their view of the world; and the limits of these worldviews. Whilst wanting to recognize the continuities and ruptures across regimes, the book repeatedly shows how the bureaucratic and lateral censorship processes worked together as well as against each other during the period 1788–1818. Taken as a whole, this book rejects the argument advanced by many scholars that censorship was purely repressive and negative; the positive, even propagandistic potential of censorship for plays and their effects on the public sphere must also be taken into account. In doing so, this study also emphasizes the importance of the individual, and how archival material has helped bring these forgotten histories back to life.

Starting with President Yoon Suk-yeol’s sudden martial law declaration on December 3, 2024, the introductory chapter presents a puzzle: Why did Yoon’s action gain substantial support from the ruling People Power Party and many citizens, and why is Korean society witnessing large-scale reactionary movements that fervently support the antidemocratic president and martial law? What are the larger structural conditions that have produced the current outcome? Emphasizing the roles of the far right in shaping post-authoritarian South Korean politics, the chapter introduces who belongs to the South Korean right wing and what their characteristics are. By locating the South Korean case in a larger global perspective, the introduction demonstrates how the particular historical and geopolitical conditions of the Korean War, national division, and authoritarianism have shaped the right-wing politics of South Korea in ways that are distinctive from their Western counterparts. Putting the interactions between historical legacies, right-wing infrastructures, and political actors on the right at the center of the analysis, the chapter builds a theoretical framework for the book. Then, I describe the methodology adopted in the book and provide an overview of each chapter.

This chapter outlines the basic principles of qualitative research in the context of mental health. We begin by discussing the philosophy of reality and knowledge production, demonstrating how these discussions filter through to every aspect of qualitative research. We then explain the fundamental elements of qualitative research, including how to formulate a research question, different methodological approaches, the application of qualitative methods in clinical trials, data collection, sampling, and analysis. This chapter also focuses on how qualitative research can make a change, providing unique insights on how to influence policy and engage government. We devote a substantial part of the chapter to research ethics and reflexivity, summarising not only basic bioethical principles, but thinking about ethics from an anti-colonial perspective. We end the chapter by exploring what constitutes high quality qualitative research, laying out some guiding principles and practices for promoting quality. Our aim with this chapter is not to provide an exhaustive account of qualitative research, rather to offer guidance and inspiration to fledgling researchers who would like to find out more.

This book examines contemporary progress rhetoric and its history by focusing on medicine, a field that has become the touchstone of the focus on progress. In recent decades, the term progress has been used by a wide range of people, including politicians, scientists, engineers, physicians, and patients, to make sense of medicine’s past developments, current achievements, and desired future. Large, private companies such as Meta and Google, for example, link artificial intelligence research and genomic analysis to progress in medicine and praise their own contributions for that reason. Using a philosophically informed historical approach, this book argues that debates about progress in medicine are always political debates underpinned by different interests, which reflect distinct approaches to persons, health, and society. It draws on academic engagements with the history and philosophy of progress, as well as the insights of physicians, patients, and tech actors, to show how medical progress can hold multiple meanings simultaneously.

This chapter offers a definition of a local priest. It explores the normative framework inherited from Late Antiquity that defined their status and regulated their behaviour, but also stresses that the label designates a social fact rather than a specific grade within the Church. To illustrate the diversity that the term encompasses and the methodological challenges that studying these people involves, the chapter offers four case studies of particular local priests in different parts of the former Carolingian empire, from Saxony through to southern France.

This introductory chapter outlines the key themes and scope of the book, exploring how digital technologies reshape fundamental rights, create new regulatory challenges, and deepen existing inequalities. It describes the role of the Global Digital Human Rights Network in shaping this book and the benefits of this interdisciplinary network for the analysis provided in the chapters. Central to the coherence of the book’s narrative is the innovative use of fundamental questions, forming the cornerstones of each of the parts of the volume. The book is structured around four core questions: (a) What difference does it make to move online? (b) How should freedom of expression be applied in the digital environment? (c) How should human rights law respond to the challenges of digital technologies? and (d) What challenges do vulnerable groups face in the digital realm? By framing its analysis around fundamental questions and diverse regional contexts, the book aims to provide a comprehensive and forward-looking examination of human rights in the digital era.

Adopting a microhistorical approach and narrowing the scale of observation offers Cold War historians invaluable heuristic and narrative opportunities, uncovering little-known, seemingly “small” stories that nonetheless hold significant illustrative and historiographical power. This approach repositions human agency at the center of historical narratives and examines its interplay with broader political, geopolitical, and ideological structures. Drawing on Edoardo Grendi’s famous “exceptional/normal” antinomy, the book reconstructs the story of the evangelical Church of Christ’s mission in Italy – a story that is, at first glance, highly exceptional, but on closer examination proves to be remarkably normal within its broader historical context. The analysis seeks to connect global history with microhistory, bridging the dynamics of world integration, such as the Cold War, with the bottom-up perspectives of long neglected actors. This methodological challenge is compounded by the abundance of primary sources available to historians of post-1945 international relations. By exploring the Church of Christ’s Italian mission, the book highlights the potential of microhistory to enrich global historical frameworks, weaving together large-scale structural forces with the intricate, human-scale dynamics that often drive historical change.

Chapter 1 introduces the main arguments, findings, and contributions of the book. Counterrevolution is a subject that has often been overlooked by scholars, even as counterrevolutions have been responsible for establishing some of history’s most brutal regimes, for cutting short experiments in democracy and radical change, and for perpetuating vicious cycles of conflict and instability. The chapter reveals some of the most important statistics from the book’s original dataset of counterrevolution worldwide. These statistics raise a number of puzzling questions, which motivate the theoretical argument about counterrevolutionary emergence and success. After previewing this argument, the chapter discusses the main contributions of the book, including to theories of revolution, democratization, and nonviolence; to ongoing debates about Egypt’s revolution and the failures of the 2011 Arab Spring; and to our understanding of the present-day resurgence of authoritarianism worldwide. It finishes by laying out the multi-method research strategy and providing an overview of the chapters to come.

This chapter introduces the problem of theorizing international organizations. It breaks down the problem to two parts: the structural relationship between international organizations and their members and conceptual relationship between these institutions and other entities in international law, including states and non-state actors. The first relationship concerns whether international organizations should be analyzed as legally distinct from their members. The second relationship relates to international organizations’ rights, obligations, and capacities in international law, assuming that they are legally distinguishable from their members. The chapter concludes by clarifying how advancing a doctrinal legal theory is understood by this book, as well as the methodology that will be employed in that regard.

The chapter is divided into two parts, focusing on historiography and methodology, respectively, and linked by a survey of the functions of punctuation over time. The historiographical part offers a discussion on the principles of written language, the fundamental representational principles and functional designs in the history of English orthography, and the system and status of Present-Day English orthography in terms of the main historical lines as seen from structural as well as sociolinguistic viewpoints. The emphasis in the methodological part is on the development of new approaches and methodologies based on the expanding digitisation of historical texts that have grown in interdisciplinary ways out of the traditional philological paradigm – research primarily using large digital datasets and corpus-driven methodologies, as well as exploring the data in innovative ways to chart sociolinguistic networks.

This chapter discusses the role of phenomenology in psychological anthropology, with an emphasis on its ongoing productive potential for the field. The chapter explores how a phenomenological framework has been mobilized in psychological anthropology to illuminate central concepts like subjects and lifeworlds, intersubjectivity, and the aspectual nature of consciousness and experience. The chapter also emphasizes the valuable methodological implications of bringing a phenomenological framework to the practice of anthropology. Throughout, recent ethnographic examples are engaged to illustrate how psychological anthropologists have generated innovative insights through the use of phenomenological approaches.

The chapter chronicles the close relationship that anthropology, from its very outset as a discipline, had with psychoanalysis, and seeks to make a broader conceptual argument: namely that, over the decades, anthropologists moved from applying to their ethnographic material psychoanalytic concepts, which were generated in clinical settings by practicing psychoanalysts, to engaging themselves in psychodynamic encounters with their own interlocutors, and in so doing reaching the point of generating original theory of psychoanalytic value. This was possible due to the increasing conviction that the prime subject of psychodynamic investigation should not be any given society’s cultural material, interpreted and “analyzed” abstractly to deductively reach aprioristic inferences on the members of the respective community. Rather, the subject of such psychodynamic studies could only be the individual, analyzed from within the social norms, values, and idioms constraining the individual’s development. In turn, this idiographic study would yield invaluable elements necessary to adequately understand the dynamics of the social context in which the individual exists to begin with.

The introduction presents the main arguments that will be developed in the book and how letters and petitions that were found in the military archive are the basis from which to argue that the military was an institution in the first half of the nineteenth century. The nearly one thousand case studies provide the information that makes it possible to understand the Peruvian armed forces. This chapter also covers the historiographical debate by discussing the notion of caudillos and how although most of the new republics have been seen as controlled by armed men on horseback, the military can be described as an insitution that while having a colonial origin, transformed throughout the wars of independence. The way in which those who became members of the armed forces is analyzed in detail showing that a social system of protection for those who were part of it developed from the colonial systems Comparisons are made with the cases of the United States, France, Spain and the rest of Latin America. This section ends with a description of the book’s structure and a description of each chapter.