Candida auris has emerged as a major nosocomial pathogen due to multidrug resistance (MDR), outbreak potential, and high mortality in critically ill patients. Identifying risk factors for C. auris candidemia is essential for prevention and infection control. In this single-centre, retrospective case–control study, we analysed adults with C. auris candidemia (n = 52) and matched controls (n = 104) hospitalized between February 2019 and October 2024. Matching was based on hospital unit and blood culture timing. Clinical and epidemiological variables were compared, and multivariate logistic regression identified independent risk factors. Antifungal susceptibility and 14- and 28-day all-cause mortality were evaluated as secondary outcomes. Independent risk factors included recent hospitalization (odds ratio (OR): 7.93), prolonged hospital stay (OR: 1.01), prior broad-spectrum antibiotic use (OR: 46.20), central venous catheter (CVC) (OR: 3.88), sepsis (OR: 9.43), and high Candida Colonization Index (OR: 14.10). All-cause mortality at 14 and 28 days was 30.8% and 46.2%, respectively. Fluconazole resistance was 96%, while 8.7% of isolates were pandrug resistant. C. auris candidemia represents a serious clinical challenge with substantial mortality and modifiable risk factors. Strengthening antimicrobial stewardship, colonization surveillance, and early recognition in high-risk patients may reduce its impact.

Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) is a significant public health concern, disproportionately affecting socioeconomically disadvantaged populations, including individuals experiencing poverty, homelessness, incarceration, and injection drug use. This scoping review synthesizes existing literature on factors influencing CA-MRSA occurrence and community transmission in these populations. A comprehensive search of PubMed, MEDLINE, and Scopus for studies published between January 2000 and February 2024 identified 3,223 articles, of which 40 met the inclusion criteria. Findings indicate that the CA-MRSA burden remains high, with community transmission influenced by factors, such as limited access to hygiene resources, structural barriers to care, and social network dynamics. Surveillance and intervention strategies remain largely healthcare-focused, with limited data on community-level transmission and risk. This review highlights the urgent need for targeted public health interventions and the adoption of expanded, innovative surveillance methods, such as genomic epidemiology, to better track and mitigate CA-MRSA transmission in vulnerable populations. As antibiotic resistance continues to rise, future research should prioritize longitudinal studies and community-based surveillance to develop effective, population-specific infection prevention, and control strategies.

Acute gastrointestinal illness (AGI) remains a significant public health issue and differences in risk based on a comprehensive set of sociodemographic characteristics remain poorly understood. Thus, this retrospective cohort study was conducted to identify the risk of incurring an AGI-related emergency department (ED) visit or inpatient hospitalization based on various sociodemographic factors. Linked respondents of Canadian Community Health Survey cycles 2.1, 3.1, and 2007–2015 were followed from their interview date until 31 December 2017, using the National Ambulatory Care Reporting System (NACRS) and the Discharge Abstract Database (DAD) to capture emergency ED visits and hospitalizations due to AGI, respectively. Effects of identified potential risk factors for the incidence of AGI-related ED visits or hospitalizations were estimated Cox proportional hazards regression to generate hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). A total of 190,700 respondents were linked to NACRS and 470,700 were linked to DAD. Six per cent of respondents visited an ED and 2% were hospitalized for AGI. Fully-adjusted estimates revealed that high-risk groups with the strongest effects were people with poor self-perceived health (ED visits: HR 1.47 (95% CI 1.40–1.54), hospitalizations: HR 1.92 (95% CI 1.82–2.02)), and people living with at least one chronic condition (ED visits: HR 1.54 (95% CI 1.47–1.61), hospitalizations: HR 1.65 (95% CI 1.57–1.73)). This study identified risk factors for requiring hospital care for AGI in the Canadian context. Additional research is needed to investigate mechanisms for differential exposure to pathogens by sociodemographic characteristics that might lead to increased risks of AGI.

Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most dominant case, around 40% of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). UTI related to catheter placement called as Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection (CAUTI). Catheterization is considered as a port of entry that lead to infection. In sepsis patients, CAUTI can significantly affect clinical outcomes. Prolonged CAUTI can worsen but can be prevented via suitable intervention, particularly in septic patients with urine catheters. To effectively prevent and manage diseases, gathering data focusing on surveillance is essential. Hence, examining multiple risk variables associated with CAUTI is vital, including age, gender, diabetes mellitus, kidney failure, frequency and duration of catheterization, and duration of antibiotic usage before urine culture. Method: A quantitative study using a cross-sectional design by selecting samples using total sampling was conducted at RSPAD Gatot Soebroto (n=42). All sepsis patients using catheters met the inclusion criteria. The data obtained was analysed (univariate, bivariate and multivariate), which will be presented in table and narrative format. Results: It was found that 21 sepsis patients with catheters confirmed CAUTI. Risk factors in septic patients with catheters that have a significant relationship with CAUTI are diabetes mellitus (p=0.013), kidney failure (p=0.005), length of stay (p=0.013), duration of antibiotic usage before urine culture (p=0.031), frequency of catheterization (p=0.028), and duration of catheterization (p=0.013). However, age (p=0.739) and gender (p=0.757) did not have a significant relationship. In the multivariate test was found that the most significant variables were kidney failure (p=0.006; OR=22.219; 95%CI=2.424- 293.744) and duration of catheterization (p=0.009; OR=19.147; 95%CI=2.070-177.149). Conclusion : Our findings indicate that kidney failure and duration of catheterization are the most significant risk factors for septic patient who develop CAUTIs. To enhance the clinical outcomes of sepsis patients prone to CAUTI, it is crucial to identify the risk factors as a part of treatment management and infection prevention control.

Introduction: Hemodialysis (HD) is the most common renal replacement therapy modality for chronic kidney disease patients. Nearly 80% of patients starting HD use a non-tunneled double lumen (DL) catheter as the first vascular access. However, the use of this access may increase the risk of both exit site and bloodstream infections. This study aims to identify the risk factors for infection related to non-tunneled DL catheters in HD patients at Dr. Kariadi Hospital, Semarang, Indonesia. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study design was applied among adult patients who underwent HD using non-tunneled DL catheter in the Hemodialysis Unit at Dr. Kariadi Hospital between January 2022 and March 2024. Data were collected from medical histories and patients’ medical records, then analyzed using SPSS 21. P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: This study involved 72 adult HD patients, with 58% male subject. Among them, 23 (31.9%) subjects experienced infections related to non-tunneled DL catheter. These infections included exit site infections (21%) and bloodstream infections (95%). The most dominant microorganism in infected patients was Staphylococcus aureus. The location of catheter insertion in the femoral vein (p = 0.03) and a high white blood cell count (p = 0.03) were significant risk factors for infection. However, factors such as age, diabetes mellitus, duration of catheter insertion > 3 months, serum iron levels, hypoalbuminemia, and anemia were not significant risk factors (p > 0.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, catheter insertion in the femoral vein and a high white blood cell count were identified as contributing factors to infections related to non-tunneled DL catheters in HD patients.

Introduction: Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD) is a treatment method for Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) that allows patients to undergo dialysis therapy at home. Although CAPD provides benefits in terms of flexibility, efficiency, and comfort, patients undergoing CAPD are at high risk of infections, including exit site infections, tunnel catheter infections, and Peritoneal Dialysis (PD) peritonitis. This study aims to identify risk factors associated with CAPD infections in CKD patients at Dr. Kariadi Hospital, Semarang, Indonesia. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study design was applied to adult CKD patients undergoing CAPD at Dr. Kariadi Hospital between January 2022 and March 2024. Data were collected from patients’ medical histories and records, then analyzed using SPSS 21. A p-value less than 0.05 was used to determine statistically significant variables. Results: This study involved 81 adult patients undergoing CAPD with 58% male subjects. There were 23 (31.9%) subjects who experienced CAPD infections. Subjects who had infections experienced exit-site infections (10,5%) and peritonitis (89,5%). The most dominant microorganism in infected patients was Staphylococcus epidermidis. Diabetes mellitus (p = 0.03) contributed as significant risk factors for infection, while hypoalbuminemia and overweight were not significant risk factors (p > 0.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, the incidence of CAPD-related infections was high with a predominance of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Diabetes mellitus is considered a contributing factor to the infection.