The aim of this chapter is to provide an understanding of the structural constraints and opportunities for the populist radical right (PRR) in Latin America. Unlike Western Europe, material values are still of vital importance in many Latin American countries because of high levels of inequality in the region. This represents a major constraint for the emergence of the PRR, and only some parties have been able to overcome it. The author argues that the growth of the PRR relies on three factors: the appeal of the PRR’s hardline discourses, the mobilization of voters dissatisfied with sexual and reproductive rights and secularization, and a crisis of representation among the traditional parties, who are painted by PRR leaders as a corrupt elite.

Conversations involving people with communication disorders or other forms of communicative impairment, such as those with dementia, autism, aphasia, or hearing impairment, differ in systematic ways from typical conversations (i.e., those involving participants without significant communicative or cognitive challenges). Drawing from CA work over the last few decades, this chapter discusses methodological issues involved in data collection in this field and in the transcription and analysis of these types of data. Analysis of the ways in which these interactions are distinctive and ‘atypical’ as regards social actions and the practices used in their construction and deployment involves a form of comparative analysis drawing on CA findings concerning typical interaction. The chapter also discusses other, more explicit, forms of comparative analysis regularly undertaken in this field, including comparison of participants’ conversations over time, and the comparison of how conversations involving participants with one type of communicative impairment compare with those of participants with a different form of impairment. One way in which the latter type of investigation can be developed is discussed in relation to a certain interactional feature – here, interruptive, other-initiation of repair – and how it may be traced across conversations involving participants with different communicative impairments.

The conclusion identifies the key turning points in the Court’s jurisprudence in light of the established theoretical framework and presents several key findings that further the debate on judicial politics and on the backlash. The main takeaway is that international courts may not always attempt to expand their power. On the contrary, concern for institutional survival or public image may compel them to under-utilize their power. Courts will follow forbearing or selectively forbearing policies to prevent or mitigate political pushback or backlash. They will reserve audacity or selective audacity for moments when they feel safe from political repercussions. Drawing upon my analysis of the Court over five decades, I call for historicizing the current instances of backlash against international courts and liberal institutions. At least in the context of the European Court, an important lesson is that the backlash is not unique to today’s political climate. The Court has seen different episodes of backlash and, as a result, it has forged a resilience strategy to fend off or pre-empt backlash. Such strategies can also be traced in other courts and institutions with delegated authority.

Building on comparative analysis, this chapter identifies ten trends that we feel capture key dynamics of global policymaking in the early twenty-first century: the clash of sovereignties, the growing focus on individuals, the universalization of aspirations, the promotion of a holistic narrative, the orchestrating role of international organizations, the pursuit of inclusion, increasing codification, the emphasis on expertise, the resilience of the North–South divide, and Western hegemony. The arrangement of these dynamics, which embody a combination of practices and values, obviously differs across issue areas. Nonetheless, most of these ten trends are observable in pretty much any instance of global policymaking today. The ultimate goal of this comparative exercise is to determine whether there are (1) practices that recur more often than others and (2) worldviews that seem to regularly triumph over others. Among others, we observe that sovereignty remains central to global governance but sometimes in heterodox ways; codification is a much more diverse process than legalization; orchestration is as much about cooperation as it is about competition and collusion; and North–South politics can give way to unexpected alignments.

In this chapter, comparative analysis is employed to juxtapose the law in Australia with that in England and Wales. What is compared is both the presence or absence of relevant legislation and case law, its conceptual and operational nature and scope and the possible resulting outcomes of any differences. The similarities between the two jurisdictions include the actors involved in consent processes for young people and the aim of this area of law, the best interests of the child. Major points of difference include: the statutory age of medical decision-making; whether treatment for gender dysphoria is considered ‘special’; Gillick competence and concurrent consent powers; and the law regarding disputes and the need for dual parental consent.

This chapter compares the differences between the UK and China in their regulations and practices of bankers’ remuneration and analyses the institutional reasons for the differences.The problem of bankers’ remuneration in the UK was the distorted market practice. The purpose of the regulation is to correct market failures. Nevertheless, the regulators also intend to keep the balance between regulatory intervention and bank autonomy. In China, the practice of bankers’ remuneration was based on the administrative and politicised approach. The regulation is to guide banks to modernise their remuneration systems. However, it is not effectively implemented, as the state maintains its decisive role. The differences between the two countries are due to the different institutional traditions of their financial systems, as the current regulation and practice of bankers’ remuneration have been profoundly influenced by the traditional model of state–market interaction.

This chapter provides an overview of the main findings of the 19 jurisdictions that are studied in the Handbook on Shareholder Engagement and Voting. The chapter describes the different legal means available for shareholders to engage with their companies, and outlines both the procedural requirements for general meetings and the material shareholder rights in a comparative perspective. Partly due to global capital markets and the rise of institutional ownership, this chapter shows important similarities in shareholder control rights and convergence between jurisdictions. An important example of such convergence are say-on-pay rights: in virtually all jurisdictions, shareholders have some sort of say-on-pay to date. Yet, this chapter also shows that important differences remain, also marked by the large variety of advisory and binding say-on-pay rights. Clearly, the although the legal infrastructure is a very important factor for the practice of shareholder rights, domestic factors often play a major role, even in today’s globalized markets.

This chapter illustrates how to apply Bayesian reasoning when analyzing more than one case. The same principles that govern Bayesian updating with multiple pieces of evidence apply to Bayesian inference with multiple cases.

This chapter provides a review of studies on working memory (WM) and interpreting between the 1970s and 2010s, with special attention paid to simultaneous interpreting (SI) and consecutive interpreting (CI). Previous research has investigated three major issues: (1) the interpreter’s advantage over noninterpreters in WM capacity and executive control; (2) the relationship between overall WM capacity, WM executive control and interpreting performance, and (3) the interaction that takes place between long-term memory and WM to facilitate meaning retrieval from the source language, interlingual reformulation, and message delivery into the target language. This chapter will first review major WM models of interpreting to determine what SI and CI have in common and how they differ in processing routes; secondly by examining relevant empirical evidence that (in)validates such models, and thirdly by proposing new possibilities for research on WM in both SI and CI. By means of a synthesized review and an in-depth comparative analysis, this chapter will shed new light on how WM demand differs across interpreting tasks and fluctuates during the interpreting process, which will in turn contribute to future interpreting research and pedagogy.

This Chapter includes a debate about the republican constitutionalism as an ideal type and tradition and its alternatives. A sample of different conceptions about Chilean constitutional law is also part of this chapter including several critical analysis of some of its main representatives. Among them, we explore the decadence of republicanism in the works of Alberto Edwards and Jaime Eyzaguirre. The anti-parliamentarian presidentialism of Fernando Campos Harriet. The liberal republicanism of Gabriel Amunategui, Ricardo Donoso and Federico Gil. The alternative, marginal, social and economic order of Gabriel Salazar. The great Latin American constitutional comparison of Roberto Gargarella. Last but not least, the idea of this book is exposed. This is the idea of the Five Republics and Chilean constitutional tradition.