The 10-item Beliefs About Penis Size Scale (BAPS; Veale et al., 2014) measures boys’ and men’s beliefs about masculinity and shame related to their penis size. Penis size is a primary appearance concern of men, and these concerns may result in penile dysmorphic disorder, which is a form of body dysmorphic disorder specifically focused on being preoccupied with and distressed by one’s penis size. The BAPS can be administered online or in-person to adolescents and adults and is free to use. This chapter discusses the development of the BAPS and provides evidence of its psychometrics. Findings suggest that the BAPS is a unidimensional measure. Internal consistency reliability as well as convergent, concurrent, and discriminant validity support the use of the BAPS with boys and men. This chapter provides the BAPS items in their entirety, instructions for administering the BAPS to participants, item response scale, and scoring procedure. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

The 20-item Female Sexual Subjectivity Inventory (FSSI) and the 20-item Male Sexual Subjectivity Inventory (MSSI) have five subscales (elements) and can produce a total score for sexual subjectivity. The five measured elements (4 items each) assessed with each inventory are sexual body-esteem, entitlement to self-pleasure, entitlement to pleasure from a partner, self-efficacy in achieving desire and pleasure, and sexual self-reflection. The measure can be referred to as a measure of sexual subjectivity, psychological sexual health, or sexual self-perceptions. In total it assesses perceptions of the self as a sexual being with choice, desire, and deserving of pleasure. The FSSI and MSSI can be administered online or in-person and it has been included in research with adolescents and adults. The FSSI and MSSI are free to use. This chapter begins with a discussion of the development of the MSSI and FSSI from item generation to psychometric analyses. This is followed with psychometric information, including the factor structure and invariance, and evidence of reliability and validity. Additional sections cover administration, scoring, and information about abbreviated versions. Finally, the response scale, the items in their entirety, instructions for administration and scoring, and permissions, copyright and contact information are provided.

The two 18-item parallel forms of the Assessment of Body-Image Cognitive Distortions (ABCD; Cash et al., 2004) tap into distorted thinking related to how people process information about their physical appearance. It is based on the theory that people who are disproportionately invested in their appearance process attend to, encode, retrieve, recall, and interpret information in accordance with their appearance-related concerns (e.g., if no one comments favorably on their outfit, they may conclude that it is not flattering). ABCD items are phrased as hypothetical situations and respondents indicate the extent to which each situation is consistent with the mental conversations that they have about their own appearance. The ABCD can be administered online or in-person to adolescents or adults, and it is free to use. This chapter discusses the development of the ABCD and provides evidence of its psychometrics. There is evidence for its unidimensionality. Its internal consistency reliability as well as convergent, concurrent, incremental, and predictive validity. This chapter provides all items, the response scale, and instructions for administering and scoring the ABCD. Logistics of use, such as how to obtain and purchase the ABCD, permissions, copyright, and contact information are available for readers.

The 15-item Muscularity-Oriented Eating Test (MOET; Murray et al., 2019) assesses attitudes and behaviors associated with the pursuit of muscularity, such as the rigid monitoring of dietary intake, rigid adherence to dietary rules, regulation of protein intake, propensity for eating more or less to influence muscularity, and the overevaluation of muscularity-oriented eating. The MOET can be administered online or in-person to adolescents and adults and is free to use. This chapter first discusses the development of the MOET and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. Findings from exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis consistently suggest that the MOET is a unidimensional measure in a broad array of demographic and cultural settings. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and incremental validity support the use of the MOET. Next, this chapter provides the MOET items in their entirety, instructions for administering the MOET to participants, item response scale, and scoring procedure. Links to known translations are provided. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

The 28-item Body Esteem Scale-Revised (BES-R; Frost et al., 2018) is an updated version of the Body Esteem Scale (Franzoi & Shields, 1984) that assesses satisfaction with the appearance and functionality of 28 specific body areas and aspects of body functionality. Like the original scale, the BES-R conceptualizes body esteem as both gender-specific and multidimensional, with three distinct dimensions for women (i.e., sexual attractiveness, weight concern, physical condition) and three distinct dimensions for men (i.e., sexual attractiveness, upper body strength, physical condition). The BES-R can be administered online or in-person to adolescents and adults and is free to use. Women and men complete the same 28 items. This chapter first discusses the development of the BES-R and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. Principal components analyses upheld the three dimensions of body esteem for men and the three dimensions of body esteem for women. Internal consistency reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validity support the use of the BES-R. This chapter provides the BES-R scale items, instructions for administering the measure to participants, the item response scale, and the scoring procedure. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and citation information, are also provided for readers.

The Perceived Effects of Media Exposure Scale (PEMES) assesses people’s beliefs about how their body image was impacted by exposure to specific media images (Frederick et al., 2017). It has been administered in experiments where participants are exposed to images of fashion models versus control images, and participants report whether the images had negative, neutral, or positive impacts on their feelings about different aspects of their appearance. It is was inspired by two previous scales that ask participants to assess the impact of pornography (Hald & Malamuth, 2008) and their body images (Body Image Quality of Life Inventory; Cash et al., 2004) on different aspects of their lives. The PEMES can be administered to adolescents and/or adults and is free to use. This chapter describes the development and psychometrics of the PEMES. The PEMES has been found to have a two-factor structure within two exploratory factor analyses: The PEMES-Weight subscale and PEMES-Face subscales. Internal reliability was high for both subscales. The chapter provides the PEMES items, responses scale, and scoring procedure. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

The 24-item Male Body Attitudes Scale (MBAS; Tylka et al., 2005) assesses body (muscularity, body fat, height) dissatisfaction with male-identifying individuals, as these three forms of dissatisfaction have been identified as important to men within qualitative research. The MBAS can be administered online or in-person to male-identifying adolescents and adults and is free to use in any setting. This chapter first discusses the development of the MBAS and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, the MBAS has been shown to have a 3-factor structure in exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, with muscularity dissatisfaction, body fat dissatisfaction, and height dissatisfaction being the three factors. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and incremental validity support the use of the MBAS. Next, this chapter provides the MBAS items in their entirety, instructions for administering it to participants, item response scale, and scoring procedure. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are available for readers.

The Muscle Silhouette Measure (MSM) and Fat Silhouette Measure (FSM) are pictorial scales that assess perceptions of male body image (Frederick et al., 2007). They each contain eight images, with the MSM progressing from non-muscular to very muscular, and the FSM very low body fat to very high body fat. Consistent with self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1987), these measures assess men’s perceptions of their current bodies and their ideal bodies, and the discrepancy between these perceptions. It has also been used to assess women’s perceptions of the most attractive male body type and to code representations of muscularity level in popular magazines. The MSM and FSM can be administered to adolescents and/or adults and is free to use. This chapter describes the development and psychometrics of the MSM and FSM. The images were drawn by an artist based on photos of men in the Atlas of Men (Sheldon et al., 1954). Test-retest reliability was high for reports of current and ideal body. It was high for the MSM and moderate for the FSM for the self-ideal discrepancy. The chapter provides the images, response scale, and scoring procedure. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

The 23-item Body Esteem Scale for Adolescents and Adults (BESAA; Mendelson et al., 2001) is a widely used measure of body esteem that assesses one’s self-evaluations of their body and appearance. The BESAA can be administered online and/or in-person to adolescents and adults. There is no cost associated with using the BESAA in research or clinical settings. This chapter first discusses the development of the BESAA and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, the BESAA has been found to have a 3-factor structure within exploratory and/or confirmatory factor analyses, although the factor structure and item constitution have been found to vary across cultures and demographics. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, and incremental validity support the use of the BESAA. Next, this chapter provides the BESAA items in their entirety, instructions for administering the BESAA to participants, the item response scale, and the scoring procedure. Citations for known BESAA translations are provided. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

The 69-item Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ; Cash et al., 2004) assesses respondents’ body attitudes toward their appearance-related features and body competence-related features (e.g., fitness, health). It contains nine subscales: appearance evaluation, appearance orientation, fitness evaluation, fitness orientation, health evaluation, health orientation, body areas satisfaction, overweight preoccupation, and self-classified weight. Yet, many body image researchers elect to use only the appearance-related subscales (AS): appearance evaluation, appearance orientation, body areas satisfaction, overweight preoccupation, and self-classified weight. The MBSRQ can be administered online or in-person to adolescents or adults; it is free to use. This chapter first discusses the development of the MBSRQ and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, factor analyses have supported the MBSRQ-AS’s factor structure, internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, and construct validity. Next, this chapter provides all MBSRQ items, the item response scale, and instructions for its administration and scoring. Links to known translations are provided. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

The Body Matrices (Frederick & Peplau, 2007; Gray & Frederick, 2012) contain 28 computer-generated images of shirtless men varying in body fat and muscularity and 32 images of women in bikinis varying in body fat and breast size. The male matrices present seven levels of muscularity and four levels of body fat. The female matrices present eight levels of body fat and four levels of breast size. Each matrix contains all possible combinations of these body fat and muscularity/breast size level (e.g., slender women with large breasts; heavier women with smaller breasts). Consistent with self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1987), they assess men’s and women’s perceptions of their current bodies and their ideal bodies, and discrepancies between these perceptions. They can be administered to adolescents and/or adults and are free to use. This chapter describes the development and psychometrics of The Body Matrices. Test-retest reliability was high for current and ideal bodies for men and women, and moderate to high for self-ideal discrepancies. BMI (self-reported height and weight) was strongly associated with current body images chosen by participants. The chapter provides the images, response scale, and scoring procedure. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

The 12-item Physical Appearance Perfectionism Scale (PAPS; Yang & Stoeber, 2012) assesses a person’s concerns about and hopes for a perfect physical appearance. The PAPS can be administered online or in-person to adolescents and adults and is free to use. This chapter first discusses the development of the PAPS and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, the PAPS has been found to have a 2-factor structure (Worry About Imperfection, Hope For Perfection) within exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, and evidence has supported its invariance across gender. Internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validity support the use of the PAPS. Next, this chapter provides the PAPS items in their entirety, instructions for administering the PAPS to participants, item response scale, and scoring procedure. Links to known translations are provided. Logistics of use, such as permissions, copyright, and contact information, are provided for readers.

The 6-item Body Image States Scale (BISS; Cash et al., 2002) assesses how respondents feel about their body and physical appearance “right now” as opposed to trait body image measures that assess how they feel about their body in general. The BISS uses a 9-point response scale to detect subtle variations in respondents’ evaluative and affective body image experiences in the moment and in response to specific contexts or experimental manipulations. The BISS can be administered online or in-person to adolescents or adults; it is free to use. This chapter first discusses the development of the BISS and then provides evidence of its psychometrics. More specifically, the BISS has a unidimensional factor structure, and its internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, and construct validity are supported. Next, this chapter provides all items and their individualized response scales, instructions for administering the BISS to participants, and scoring procedures. Links to known translations are included. Logistics of use, such as how to obtain the BISS, permissions, copyright, and contact information are available for readers.