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The second case study in Chapter 7 presents a detailed examination of the future environmental rights implications of climate change. It addresses the implications for future generations of climate change itself, as well as our responses to climate change, including adaptation measures, decarbonisation and geoengineering. Each of these is considered in terms of the potential impact they might have on the human rights of future generations. The chapter also provides an overview of recent human rights-based climate litigation, with a particular focus on cases that have been brought on behalf of future generations or by children and young people. These cases show that, while some cases have successfully argued for intergenerational climate justice, international human rights law remains an unfriendly forum for litigating future environmental harms or the rights of future generations. The chapter concludes by considering the ways in which this could be improved through the application of the new theory and practice outlined in Chapter 5.
Criticism and creativity characterised literary reception in eighteenth-century Britain. The press – periodicals, newspapers, and magazines – harboured the reviewing cultures belonging to the emerging professionalisation of literary criticism. It also provided highly fertile ground for creativity, including imitative items inspired by new publications, while critical reviews often incorporated parody. The press fostered experimentation among often anonymous reader-contributors, even while it facilitated the establishment of 'classic' works by recirculating well-known authors' names. Laurence Sterne's reception was energetically shaped by the interaction between critical and creative responses: the press played a major role in forging his status as an 'inimitable' author of note.
Rules for regulatory intervention aim to ensure that cumulative impacts remain or fall below thresholds of acceptable cumulative harm. A rule has two key dimensions: (1) its strategy – how it changes cumulative harm by reducing impacts, offsetting impacts, restoring, or facilitating coping with impacts; and (2) its approach – how it influences actions that cause impacts by using mandates (sticks), incentives (carrots) or information and persuasion (sermons) to influence adverse actions, or by using direct state action (state rescue). Each strategy and approach has strengths and weaknesses in addressing cumulative harms, and a cumulative environmental problem will likely need a carefully designed mix. In designing this mix, important challenges are ensuring connected decision-making so that actions are not considered in isolation; ensuring comprehensiveness, to avoid overlooking actions, including "de minimis" actions that could cause cumulatively significant impacts; managing costs related to intervention; and adapting interventions to accommodate changes to impacts and new information. Real-world examples illustrate legal mechanisms that include features designed to address these challenges.
In the coming decades, cities and other local governments will need to transform their infrastructure as part of their climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts. When they do, they have the opportunity to build a more resilient, sustainable, and accommodating infrastructure for humans and non-humans alike. This chapter surveys a range of policy tools that cities and other local governments can use to pursue co-beneficial adaptations for humans, non-humans, and the environment. For example, they can add bird-friendly glass to new and upgraded buildings and vehicles; they can add overpasses, underpasses, and wildlife corridors on transportation systems; they can reduce light and noise pollution that impact humans and nonhumans alike; they can use a novel trash policy to manage rodent populations non-lethally; and more.
In recent times, the effects of climate change, the COVID-19 pandemic and other natural disasters have undermined global efforts to reduce poverty and inequality among rural farmers. While efforts at mitigating the impacts of climate change, particularly in developing countries, have not yielded significant improvements, the global health crises of the COVID-19 pandemic have, in many ways, undermined the positive adaptations to climate change. Based on data produced through mixed methods, the paper explores how COVID-19 affected farmers’ ability to adapt to the changing climatic conditions in Ghana’s Coastal and Guinea savannah ecological zones. The paper argues that the disruption caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has undermined farmers’ access to markets, knowledge, innovations, technologies and critical inputs such as fertilisers, seeds and weedicides/herbicides/pesticides. This has decreased farm output, increased post-harvest loss and increased farmers’ vulnerability to the adverse effects of climate change.
Speakers adapt their syntactic preferences based on syntactic experience. However, it is not clear what cognitive mechanism underlies such adaptation. While error-based mechanisms suggest that syntactic adaptation depends only on the relative frequency of syntactic structures, memory-based mechanisms suggest that both frequency and recency of syntactic structures matter in syntactic adaptation. To distinguish between these two mechanisms, I manipulated the order of passive and active primes in two syntactic priming experiments, presenting passive primes either before active primes (active-recent condition) or after them (passive-recent condition), while controlling for frequency. The results showed that the magnitude of priming was numerically greater in the passive-recent condition than in the active-recent condition in Experiment 1, and significantly greater in Experiment 2. These results provide novel evidence that syntactic adaptation involves a memory-based mechanism.
In this chapter, Sarah Parker interviews Tom Floyd and Sophie Goldrick of Shadow Opera about the process of creating Veritable Michael, an opera and podcast inspired by Michael Field’s life and work. Tom Floyd is the Artistic Director of Shadow Opera and Sophie Goldrick is the Producer and mezzo-soprano, who sings the part of Katharine Bradley in the show. In this interview, they respond to questions about how they originally conceived the piece, why opera is a suitable form for telling Katharine Bradley and Edith Cooper’s story, how the collaborative creative process worked, and how audiences have reacted to the performance and the podcast.
The bathymetric distribution and species richness of marine parasites are generally influenced by host-related and environmental factors. While parasite traits such as attachment modes and reproduction strategies are believed to play important roles in shaping these patterns, insights into the influence of these traits remain limited. To enhance our understanding regarding the bathymetric distribution of deep-sea parasites and the biological traits associated with successful colonization of deep-sea habitats, we compiled occurrence data on parasitic copepods parasitizing deep-sea fishes, based on both current and previous records. We found that species richness declined with increasing depth, likely reflecting host distribution patterns. The recorded maximum depths of copepods in the families Chondracanthidae, Lernaeopodidae, Pennellidae and Sphyriidae exceeded 2000 m. These families are characterized by the following traits: suitable attachment sites like gills for efficient nutrient intake; firm attachment modes with limited mobility that enable efficient energy use; reproductive strategies such as the presence of dwarf males or the use of intermediate hosts; and low host specificity. Among all copepods parasitizing fish, a chondracanthid Chondracanthodes deflexus Wilson, 1932 had the deepest occurrence record and was the only species found in the abyssal region (>4000 m). This species exhibited a relatively high intensity (9.6), possibly because of the challenges of locating hosts in an environment with extremely low host density. These results indicate that the colonization of deeper waters by parasitic copepods may have proceeded via a stepwise process involving both the retention and acquisition of traits advantageous for survival under increasingly extreme conditions.
The Climate Vulnerable Forum (CVF) and the V20 group of finance ministers address climate change impacts on vulnerable countries. This chapter introduces the interconnectedness of climate justice, economic resilience, and sustainable development. It highlights personal stories, such as Victor Yalanda from Colombia and Jevanic Henry from Saint Lucia, who share their experiences of climate change’s impacts on their communities — covering both the economic loss and the emotional devastation caused to communities. We introduce the CVF’s Climate Vulnerability Monitor — a unique study of the impacts of climate change, including fresh modelling, covering biophysical, economics and health projections up to 2100. The global community via COP27 and COP28 have agreed on the urgency of both adaptation and mitigation strategies. Yet the speed of change is not sufficient. The fate of today’s most vulnerable will soon be the fate of the world.
Three potential climate futures — 1.5 °C, 2 °C, and 3.6 °C — are predicted by the UNFCCC’s ‘climate action pathways’, each with major and escalating implications for adaptation and mitigation. Marina Romanello, Co-Lead Health Editor for The Monitor, highlights the dangers of anything above a 1.5 °C scenario, emphasizing increased health risks and economic damages. The chapter outlines the CVF Monitor’s projections for each of the three scenarios and discusses the significant differences in outcomes depending on global warming levels. Stressing the importance of adhering to international agreements like the Paris Agreement, immediate and substantial emissions reductions are crucial to avoid catastrophic impacts. The chapter underscores the need for global cooperation in achieving these goals.
This study aimed to adapt and validate the Mental Health Support Scale (MHSS) for Chile and Argentina, hypothesising that it would correlate positively with mental health literacy, negatively with stigma measures, and differ by mental health first aid (MHFA) training history. The MHSS involves the ‘Intended’ scale (assessing intended support) and the ‘Provided’ scale (evaluating actual help), capturing recommended and not-recommended actions. The scales were translated into Spanish, piloted with 17 adults to explore cultural relevance, and validated with 554 Chilean and Argentinian adults using concurrent measures of stigma, social distance and mental health literacy. Factor analysis of the MHSS-Intended identified a recommended factor (16 items) and a not-recommended factor (5 items). The recommended factor correlated positively with mental health literacy (r = 0.19) and negatively with weak-not-sick stigma (r = −0.16) and social distance (r = −0.16). Support scores significantly discriminated between participants with and without MHFA training (recommended d = 0.99, not-recommended d = 1.35) and within participants pre- and post-MHFA training (recommended d = 0.90, not recommend d = 0.47). Overall, the adapted MHSS demonstrates acceptable psychometric properties and is a promising tool for evaluating mental health first aid support in Chile and Argentina.
In March 1830, travelling troupe director Henri Delorme staged the local premiere of Daniel Auber’s grand opéra La muette de Portici in the northern French town of Valenciennes. The production marks a turning point in the circulation of operatic repertoire across France, kickstarting a thriving but as yet unacknowledged phenomenon of touring grand opéra that persisted into the 1860s and beyond. In this article, I reconstruct the artistic and working practices of this phenomenon, and demonstrate how the arrival of the genre in the northern touring circuit allowed local individuals, such as the director, theatre-goers and local critics, to voice their expectations – in musical, dramatic and staging terms – of the appropriate artistic parameters for the emerging genre when seen from a provincial perspective. I suggest that grand opéra’s adjusted scale, status and performance practices on tour had the potential to reconfigure the genre’s meaning for nineteenth-century French audiences and theatrical performers as local agents negotiated shifting sets of centre–periphery dynamics, at once seeking operatic imitation of the capital and rejecting it in favour of locally defined practices and values.
Climate hazard events, such as floods and heatwaves, are becoming more frequent and severe. This paper focuses on coastal urban areas and addresses the need for implementing effective ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) measures. It highlights the importance of integrating EbA into urban planning to enhance resilience. The study proposes a comprehensive assessment framework to guide EbA implementation process at the local level. Governance system, policy framework, and funding sources are identified as key factors influencing the process. Within governance structures, the study focuses on cooperation, decision-making processes, scientific knowledge, and political support. Plans and strategies, regulations, international treaties, or agreements are recognized within policy sphere. The framework also considers the importance of sustainable funding mechanisms, including public–private partnerships and fiscal incentives, to ensure the long-term viability of EbA interventions. The framework's applicability and effectiveness are tested by assessing 10 implementation experiences in Spain and Portugal. The assessment underscores the need for adaptive governance and the inclusion of diverse stakeholders in planning and execution. The research concludes with the need for a systemic approach to integrating EbA into local adaptation strategies, to bridge the knowledge gap between researchers and practitioners, foster adaptation in coastal urban environments, and increase climate resilience.
In a certain sense all theatre is an act of translation. We translate written and devised texts into stage action, characters are translated into beings, images are translated into physical spaces. In this essay, Adam Versényi explains how, because she was a playwright writing primarily in her second language throughout her career, María Irene Fornés was simultaneously writing and translating, with each practice inextricably linked to the other. Drawing upon his on own professional practice as a dramaturg and translator, Versényi argues that not only does an understanding of translation provide greater access to Fornés’s creative process but also that a careful reading of Fornés’s work informs the topic of translation itself. As example, Versényi explores how Fornés’s playwrighting method and the process of theatrical translation affect two notably distinct translations of Fornes’s The Conduct of Life (1985).
This chapter defines the theoretical terms – networks, nodes, and nuclei – explains the choice of dates between two revolutions in communication (print and the internet), and gives some concrete historical examples of the tangible benefits of looking at the history of Christianity through transnational flows and networks. This approach allows us to cross national and denominational boundaries and borders and to think more deeply about the underlying social and cultural conditions promoting or resisting adaptation and change. It also enables us to explore the crossroads or junction boxes where religious personnel and ideas encountered different traditions and from which something new and dynamic emerged.
Chapter 7 dissects how human rights laws have been harnessed in climate cases, scrutinising key judgments that have applied human rights frameworks to climate change and the implications of these legal strategies for both claimants and defendants. The authors’ analysis of emerging best practice reveals a growing acceptance of the notion that a State’s failure to take adequate action to address climate change constitutes a breach of human rights obligations, and this recognition is shaping legal strategies in climate litigation at the national and international levels. The authors also highlight how recent jurisprudence further suggests that corporations have important obligations to respect human rights in the face of climate change. Although jurisdictional disparities exist, the growing body of case law demonstrates the adaptability and replicability of rights-based reasoning, thereby contributing to the establishment of a consistent and coherent framework for ‘transnational’ climate law.
Chapter 2 provides a primer on climate science for legal practitioners and scholars, and it offers essential scientific background to help readers understand the context of climate litigation. Based on reports of the latest (sixth) assessment cycle of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the authors begin with an overview of the components of the climate system, the carbon cycle, and the greenhouse gas effect. The second section looks backwards to show the influence that humans have had on climate change to date, while the third section focuses on the current impacts of climate change. The fourth section looks forward and presents future emissions scenarios and projected warming and impacts, highlighting both fast and slow onset climate changes. The final section evaluates progress toward the goals set in the Paris Agreement and explores strategies for stabilising global temperatures.
Many young people feel distressed about climate change, and pessimistic about what the future holds. Gaps in education about climate change contribute to limited understanding of opportunities for climate mitigation and adaptation, and to a pervasive “discourse of doom.” Here we describe a “game for change” co-designed by climate and education researchers and young people, that aims to shift narratives about climate changed futures toward an active, adaptation-oriented focus.
The Heat Is On is designed to be played by high school classes. Set in 2050, the game takes place on a fictional island called “Adaptania.” Teams of students play the role of town councillors in communities facing the same challenges that Australian towns are experiencing as the climate heats up, including flooding, heatwaves, bushfires, inequality, health issues and economic challenges. By focussing on decision-making for adaptation and resilience, The Heat Is On enables participants to envision climate-changed futures in which communities can thrive. Students learn how to plan and collaborate to prepare for diverse and cascading impacts of climate hazards. We explore the potential for games in climate education, focussing on The Heat Is On as a case study, and share initial learnings from its development and implementation in schools.