Schools are part of a community and, as such, teachers are involved in a range of interactions with colleagues, parents/caregivers and the wider community. Forming and maintaining positive relationships with a range of stakeholders is an integral part of a teacher’s role and can lead to improved outcomes for students. Teachers also have a range of ethical and legislative responsibilities that will guide their interactions with colleagues, families and the wider community. This chapter provides practical advice to guide you through various approaches to forming and maintaining positive relationships, while also gaining knowledge about how to navigate difficulties that may arise during the course of interacting with others.

Theories about translation and about translation equivalence that have held sway over time are discussed, and corpus exploration is introduced and practised. Methods for investigating the cognitive processes involved in translating include reports by translators themselves about their cognitive activity, but also methods that allow researchers to track translators’ behaviour – in particular their eye movements and gaze and their use of the keyboard when typing their translations. Methods for tracking brain activity during translating are introduced and explained, and the influence of emotion, a relatively recent interest in the discipline, is highlighted. Influential figures in the establishment of translation studies as an independent discipline are introduced.

This chapter focuses on the effects of attention, including when and where in the brain these effects occur. It begins with studies of visual-spatial attention, expands to different varieties of visual attention (e.g., feature-based attention), and concludes with the effects of attention across sensory modalities. Evidence is presented from ERP studies showing the effects of attention on the P1, N1, and P3 components. The controversy regarding if attention can affect the earliest stage of cortical visual processing (indexed by the C1 component) is highlighted. Neuroimaging evidence for attention effects in striate and extrastriate cortex (e.g., area V3 and the fusiform gyrus) are presented. The controversy about whether attention effects in the thalamus, observed in some fMRI research, represent modulation of feedforward or feedback processing is discussed. Evidence is presented from single-unit recordings that supports the view that spatial attention affects early stages of cortical processing. An intriguing new theory of attention – the rhythmic theory of attention – is presented, along with supporting evidence from human and non-human studies. New evidence for suppressive mechanisms that contribute to selective attention are introduced, and the effects of visual-spatial attention are compared to the effects of feature attention, object attention, and cross-modal attention.

This chapter provides examples of how attention plays an important role in our everyday lives. Real-world examples are used to explain the motivations behind cutting-edge attention research being done in neuroscience labs. These include distracted driving, airport security screening, and radar and sonar monitoring. Vigilance and the ability to sustain attention are introduced as critical mental processes for success at certain jobs. The influence of attention on reading and memory, and the choice of whether to study in silence or with music are discussed. Lapses of attention are described, including how these can have a range of consequences, from the brief embarrassment of not knowing what someone just said to us to the potentially fatal effect of not attending to our driving. Theories of joint attention and social-gaze orienting are introduced to explain how our attention is linked to those around us. The purposeful misdirection of a person’s attention, at multiple levels, by skilled magicians is linked to core processes of attention and perception. This chapter also introduces the idea of training attention, including the effects of playing video games, and explains how proper training protocols require detailed knowledge of the mechanisms of attention.