Most civil wars involve internationalized intrastate conflict. These are characterized by foreign involvement or intervention for participating parties involved in domestic fighting. From just two such conflicts in 1946, the frequency of these conflicts peaked at twenty-seven occurrences in 2020, and remains high. As studies continue to analyze intrastate conflicts, internationalized variations also become focus areas, given their often-complicated initiation across regions and multinational groups. To address the challenges of internationalized conflicts, this chapter provides a strong foundation for analyzing why geopolitical conflicts such as the Cold War inhibited the successful prevention and peaceful resolution strategies of third-party actors exposed to internationalized war. Chapter 6 aims to provide greater understanding of these events, third-party motives, and the risks of intervention. External involvement further complicates conflict resolution, and poses significant threats to international peace and security. Whereas most external actors may be motivated by geopolitical benefits from engaging with allies in conflict, supporting factions might not always align with these interests in warfare, in turn causing challenges for both them and those they support.

Chapter 1 sets out who the book is aimed at: student teachers, experienced teachers and teacher educators; and justifies why a handbook for student teachers of modern languages is needed. The chapter outlines the structure of the book and summarises the aims and content of each of the subsequent chapters. Advice is given on how to use the book most effectively with an explanation of its special features, ‘Food for thought’, ‘Try this out’ and ‘Reflective questions’. The chapter suggests how student teachers can organise and structure their thoughts on the different chapters and the idea of keeping a professional development portfolio is introduced.

In order to deliver effective lessons, teachers must choose appropriate resources, materials and equipment to suit the pedagogical aims of each lesson. Chapter 12 looks at the importance of organisation and management and how to achieve a productive, interactive and positive learning atmosphere in class. The chapter examines why planning ahead by walking through lessons in advance is essential, and warns that teachers ignore this at their peril. It also discusses how to involve colleagues in planning and the benefits of collaborative working. Finally, the chapter also examines behaviour management and how to maintain a safe and orderly environment in the modern foreign languages class that is conducive to successful learning, noting potential causes of disruption and strategies to prevent it, as well as what to do if that disruption still occurs.

This chapter takes a different approach to common ECE perspectives on physical development that, for example, focus on the stages of achievement of fine and gross motor developmental milestones. Instead, we focus on the bodily functions, movement and deep physical learning that are central to infant–toddler pedagogy. This is because embodied health and wellbeing in the first three years of life are the foundations for ongoing holistic learning and lifelong outcomes. The Early Years Learning Framework (EYLF) acknowledges this through its recognition that cognitive, linguistic, physical, social, emotional, personal, spiritual and creative aspects of learning are all intricately interwoven and interrelated. Promoting physical health for holistic wellbeing reflects this view by acknowledging the whole body as the physical home of all these parts. The brain is the ‘control centre’ for many of the complex integrated systems within the body, including the nervous and sensory systems, that establish and guide development.

Chapter 10 evaluates the challenges of SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy, which aims to ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all. The scarcity of non-renewable minerals and energy resources presents a critical global challenge that could constrain economic growth and well-being. Various ways to measure natural resource scarcity are evaluated, and an economic analysis of the optimal extraction of exhaustible resources over time is established. Policies to address future demands for mineral and energy resources while balancing the environmental impacts of extraction and use are discussed. For example, substituting non-renewable energy with renewable energy sources poses economic and environmental challenges. Concerns over supply constraints and reliance on critical minerals have prompted calls for self-sufficiency, reducing reliance on imports of essential raw materials, and creating incentives to enhance recycling, recovery, and reuse, especially of rare earth elements. In addition, developing new technologies to improve end-use efficiency can support the decoupling of dependency on non-renewable resources from economic growth.

Reading is critical for learning new information, acquiring new understandings and developing new cognitive skills. It is considered an essential skill for life, study and work in today’s world. In the Australian Curriculum, reading is regarded as a core component of literacy skills alongside ‘viewing, speaking, writing and creating’ texts for ‘a range of purposes’. The texts involved in students’ development of literacy can be multimodal, as they may use oral, visual and digital texts in addition to print texts. As a result, students are expected to ‘use a range of strategies to comprehend, interpret and analyse these texts, including retrieving and organizing literal information, making and supporting inferences and evaluating information and points of view’ when reading .

Describe how children can take different paths in development and reach similar destinations; understand the developmental differences between children as a set of strengths and challenges that are highly sensitive to environmental context; explore how events in children’s lives can trigger a cascade of later consequences.

In this chapter, we study vector spaces and their basic properties and structures. We start by stating the definition and discussing examples of vector spaces. Next we introduce the notions of subspaces, linear dependence, bases, coordinates, and dimensionality. And then we consider dual spaces, direct sums, and quotient spaces. Finally, we cover normed vector spaces.

Each process to resolving intrastate conflicts requires different strategies and objectives. Yet, as conflicts continue to increase, researchers have asked if peacekeeping is truly possible. Furthermore, is peace from these approaches stable and durable? The role of third parties in ending intrastate wars or post-conflict instability is central to these processes, where organizations and states play a critical role in ushering in peace during and following civil wars. Over the last three decades a strong trend in third-party attempts to resolve intrastate conflict has emerged. Here, mediation and peacekeeping have played a pivotal role in addressing crises within various countries since the end of the Cold War. From mediation to peacekeeping, this chapter expands upon the different forms and interventions that prevent and resolve conflict, all of which incorporate various sociopolitical and international legal principles in the process. It highlights the benefits and consequences of each intervention, what institutions utilize these principles, and how international humanitarian law has changed since World War II.

In this chapter, we consider linear mappings over vector spaces. We begin by stating the definition and discussing the structural properties of linear mappings. Then we introduce the notion of adjoint mappings and illustrate some of their applications. Next we focus on linear mappings from a vector space into itself and study a series of important concepts such as invariance and reducibility, eigenvalues and eigenvectors, projections, nilpotent mappings, and polynomials of linear mappings. Finally, we discuss the use of norms of linear mappings and present a few analytic applications.

Readers will understand what is meant by inviscid flow, and why it is useful in aerodynamics, including how to use Bernoulli’s equation and how static and dynamic pressure relate to each other for incompressible flow. Concepts are presented to describe the basic process in measuring (and correcting) air speed in an airplane. A physical understanding of circulation is presented and how it relates to predicting lift and drag. Readers will be presented with potential flow concepts and be able to use potential flow functions to analyze the velocities and pressures for various flow fields, including how potential flow theory can be applied to an airplane.