This chapter reviews theories of cognitive aging, considering how those classic theories intersect with those informed by cognitive neuroscience methods. The chapter also reviews cognitive neuroscience methods, reviewing methods to study the structural integrity of the brain as well as those used to investigate brain function or the ways in which multiple measures can be combined. The chapter ends with discussion of recent methodological advances, including multivariate analysis methods and the study of beta-amyloid and tau.

In the previous chapter we examined how to value entire companies. To do so, we took the perspective of someone—such as an investor—looking at the company from the outside and determining its value based on how it currently operates.

In this chapter, we shift to the perspective of someone within the company, and shift our unit of analysis from the firm as a whole to the investment projects within a firm. Company value and project choice are tightly connected because managers try to choose projects that will increase the company’s value. In this chapter, we examine how to evaluate a firm’s investment projects and look at how managers can choose projects that increase company value the most.

In Chapter 5 we defined interest rates, promised rates of exchange for borrowing money, and the term structure of interest rates, which is how interest rates for borrowing money over different time horizons vary. As we saw, these interest rates are essential for determining the prices of bonds. However, interest rates are also used to determine discount rates for valuing projects and companies, which we covered in Part II. Thus, this concept is critically important in all areas of finance because interest rates provide the foundation to allow investors to meet their investment needs, and to value assets as well as to manage risk. In other words, interest rates are not just about determining the cost of borrowing. In this chapter we go deeper into how interest rates can be determined, the features of bonds, and how to measure and understand uncertainty in future interest rates.

This chapter reviews research on the effects of age on emotion as well as decision making. After reviewing the neural regions involved in emotion, the chapter delves into the topics of emotion identification, emotion regulation, life satisfaction, socioemotional selectivity theory, and emotion and memory. Turning to the research on decision making and reward, the chapter considers how age affects brain activity during tasks involving reward, economic decisions, and gambling. It also discusses economic decision making in a social context and future directions in motivation research.

What drove the transformation of Britain’s population, economy and environment so that by 1819 it was arguably the most rapidly industrializing and urbanizing society in the world?

Echoing the Somerset proverb quoted by John Ray, we can state that if we have only one celestial body, that is too few objects to study celestial dynamics. A system with two bodies, as we saw in the previous chapter, contains interesting physics. But what about a three-body system? We might conclude, considering the possible complexity of such a system, that it contains too many objects to be tractable.

Sir James Jeans Always says what he means; He is really perfectly serious About the Universe being Mysterious. E. Clerihew Bentley (1875–1956) Punch, vol. 196, issue 5100, p. 39 [1939 Jan 11]

Section 10.1 discusses patients with aMCI. These patients have long-term memory deficits due to atrophy of medial temporal lobe regions. Within a few years of being diagnosed with aMCI, about half of these individuals are diagnosed with AD, the topic of Section 10.2. Section 10.3 focuses on patients with mTBI, who typically perform normally on working memory tasks but have increased fMRI activity within the lateral prefrontal cortex and the parietal cortex. In Section 10.4, patients with mTLE are considered. These patients can elect to have a region in their medial temporal lobe removed to reduce the frequency of their seizures. Section 10.5 discusses patients with TGA; these patients have a sudden onset of amnesia that lasts for less than 24 hours and is caused by a small temporary lesion to a specific subregion of the hippocampus.

I’m trying to relax, but it’s hard. Ryuichi Sakamoto (1952–2023) New York Times interview, 2017 Apr 22