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The key issue of two-qubit gates is discussed in this chapter: there are two basic approaches: direct interaction (which is easy but short-ranged) and using a quantum data bus, which is the key ingredient of the Cirac-Zoller gate.
In this chapter we present convex programming optimality conditions in both sadde point form and Karush--Kuhn--Tucker form for mathematical programming, and also optimality conditions for cone-constrained convex programs and for conic problems. We conclude the chapter by revisiting linear programming duality as a special case of conic duality and reproducing the classical results on the dual of a linearly constrained convex quadratic minimization problem.
Using linear algebra, the mathematical techniques needed for describing and manipulating qubits are laid out in detail, including quantum circuits. Moreover, the chapter also explains the state evolution of an isolated quantum system, as is predicted by the Schrödinger equation, as well as non-unitary irreversible operations such as measurement. More details of classical and quantum randomness and their mathematical representation is discussed, leading to the density matrix. representation of a quantum state.
In this chapter, we (a) outline operations preserving convexity of functions, (b) present differential criteria for convexity, (c) establish convexity of several important multivariate functioins, (d) present the gradient inequality, and (e) establish local boundedness and Lipschitz continuity of convex functions.
This is the chapter that gets down to applying concepts from the previous chapters about qubits to construct a quantum computer. It teaches how numbers can be stored in quantum computers and how their functions can be evaluated. It also demonstrates the computational speed-up that quantum computers offer over their classical counterparts through the study of Deutsch, Deutsch-Jozsa, and Bernstein-Vazirani algorithms. Finally, it gives a practical demonstration of speed-up in search algorithms provided by Grover’s search algorithm.
Quantum entanglement requires a minimum of two quantum systems to exist, and each quantum system has to have a minimum of two levels. This is exactly what a two-qubit system is, which in this chapter is explored on various levels: state description, entanglement measures, useful theorems, quantum gates, hidden variable theory, quantum teleportation.