This chapter examines the concept of free will. it commences with an examination of determinism, and the idea of a ‘clockwork universe’. It extends the idea of a clockwork universe to the determination of human thought and behaviour. It examines ideas from quantum mechanics, asking whether uncertainty and probability provide any relief for the problem of free will, and we conclude that they probably don’t. The chapter then examines the possibility that dualism provides free will. It further asks whether there are benefits in believing in the illusion of free will. It examines compatabilism -- attempts to reconcile determinism with free will. The chapter discusses crime and punishment in the light of free will, and the idea of moral responsibility. Should psychopaths be punished or treated (or both)? The chapter then examines the literature on deciding to act, including Libet’s experiments on timing, and brain imaging of decision making. It then looks at involuntary action and the alien hand syndrome. It concludes by looking at psychological compulsions, asking how they relate to free will.

This chapter examines machine consciousness. It begins by looking at artificial life, and simulations such as BOIDS that model flocking behaviour. It introduces the concepts of complexity and emergence. It then examines artificial intelligence (AI) in detail. It looks at the idea of computer intelligence, and computers playing games, particularly chess and Deep Blue. The chapter discusses the Turing test and asks what would be an appropriate Turing two for consciousness. It looks at technological advance and asks when, if ever, we are likely to see a conscious computer. It discusses Kurzweil’s notion of the singularity. The chapter then discusses robotics, including different types of robot, and swarm intelligence and evolutionary robotics. The chapter examines attempts to build a brain, and enhancing cognition and consciousness through prosthetics. The chapter concludes by asking whether AI will be a threat.

The distribution of the external forces acting on a body affects both the internal and external deformation of the body. The internal deformations in particular depend on how the forces are distributed throughout the body. Stress is a key concept that gives us a way to characterize those internal force distributions. This chapter will discuss in depth the stress concept, including stress transformations, principal stresses, states of stress, and Mohr's circle. MATLAB® will be used as the principal tool for calculations.

This chapter examines hypnosis. It begins with a description of the history of hypnosis, including Mesmer, Charcot and Freud. It then examines the process of hypnotic induction, including stage hypnosis. The chapter examines the hypnotic trance, asking what makes good hypnotic subjects (and good hypnotists), and at the construct of suggestibility. It then asks if the hypnotic trance is indeed a special state involving dissociation and a ‘hidden observer’, or whether it is mediated by compliance, as the non-state theorists propose. The chapter then discusses particular uses of hypnosis, such as hypnotherapy - for example in the cessation of smoking - recovering memories, hypnotic amnesia and hypnotic anaesthesia. The chapter considers whether hypnosis is dangerous and whether, under hypnosis, people can be made to do things they don’t really want to do. It examines the neuroscience of hypnosis, considering the implications of neural markers of hypnotism for non-state theories of the hypnotic trance. We conclude with a discussion of self-hypnosis, and finally with what hypnosis tells us about cognitive processing.

This chapter examines the relationship between consciousness and the brain, and the search for the neural correlates of consciousness. it begins with the electrophysiology of consciousness (‘brain waves’), looking at EEG. The chapter then looks at the neurological development of consciousness, and what can go wrong with the development of structures supporting consciousness. The chapter next looks at the history of anaesthesia, and how general anaesthetics work. The chapter emphasises the role of thalamo-cortical loops, and the role of integrated information, particularly the work of Tononi and Edelman. We look at measures of integrated information, such as phi, the role of feedback loops and ‘re-entry’ and ignition, and particular structures, such as the thalamus and anterior cingulate. We look at coma and coma-like states, such as locked-in syndrome and vegetative states. The chapter concludes with an analysis of death, particularly the difficulty in defining brain death and understanding the complete and final cessation of consciousness. The final question is whether we are likely at some future date to escape death.

This chapter focuses on the philosophical analysis of consciousness, on the mind--body problem: how does the physical material of the brain give rise to mind and consciousness? It examines different ways in which mind and body might be related, such as dualism and monism. It discusses problems with both approaches: how do mind and matter interact in dualist theories, and how does hard atomic matter give rise to mental experience in monism? The chapter introduces the concept of the philosophical thought experiment, and gives several important examples, including philosophical zombies, the inverted colour spectrum, and the knowledge argument. The chapter discusses Chalmers’ distinction between the easy and hard problems of consciousness, the ‘hard problem’ being the central one for mind--body research: how do we get consciousness from matter? The chapter discusses different types of physicalism, such as materialism, eliminative materialism and functionalism, concentrating on the idea that mental processing is computation. We conclude with the examination of mysterianism: the idea that humans might not be cognitively equipped to understand our own consciousness.

This chapter looks at animal consciousness. It begins by asking which animals are conscious, and how we might be able to tell which are and which are not. It moves on to look at the minds of animals, particularly animal intelligence. It then looks at the mirror test of self-recognition, asking whether it is a good guide to detecting consciousness. We consider then which animals feel pain. The chapter moves on to the evolutionary advantages of being conscious, and discusses the importance of possessing a theory of mind for social interaction. It then examines the importance of language and the concept of recursion for consciousness and self-awareness. It concludes by examining panpsychism, the idea that consciousness is a fundamental aspect of all matter.

The previous chapter focused on the behavior of the stress vector and stresses at any fixed point in a body. However, stresses will also vary from point to point within a deformable body so that we need to describe those spatial variations. As we will see in this chapter, local equations of equilibrium involving the stresses must be satisfied everywhere within a body. We will examine if the elementary theories of axial loads, bending, and torsion considered in Chapter 1 satisfy these equations of equilibrium and relate these equilibrium equations for the stresses to the force and moment equilibrium equations normally used in elementary strength of materialsdiscussions.

Previous chapters examined the topics of equilibrium, compatibility, strain–displacement relations, and stress–strain relations. When these elements are combined, we can form up different complete sets of governing differential and algebraic equations. In order to solve those sets of equations we must also specify the conditions that arise from having known loads or geometric constraints. These are called the boundary conditions for the problem.In this chapter we will examine some of the choices we have for formulating complete sets of the governing equations and how those governing equations can be combined with appropriate boundary conditions to solve for the stresses and deformations. We will also discuss the principle of Saint-Venant, which gives us some flexibility in how we specify the boundary conditions. Finally, we will also show how structural analysis problems can be expressed in terms of algebraic matrix–vector equations, which are the counterparts of the governing differential/algebraic equations. A classical deformable body problem, Navier's table problem, will be used as an example of these purely algebraic methods.

This chapter looks at examples of how psychoactive substances affect experience and behaviour. It reviews the pharmacological, behavioural and phenomenological effects of cannabis, amphetamine and other stimulants, cocaine, and opiates and opioids, particularly morphine and heroin. There is a particular emphasis on hallucinogenic drugs, including naturally occurring hallucinogens such as mescaline and psilocybin, and especially LSD. The chapter examines the history of LSD manufacture and use, and its wider effects on society in the 1960s. It looks at the religious and spiritual use of entheogens. The chapter attempts to relate pharmacological effects to the phenomenology of the user. The chapter concludes with an examination of the dangers of drug use, and of cultural differences in the way naturally occurring psychoactive drugs are used.

The engineering beam bending theory summarized in Chapter 1 assumed that the beam cross-sectional area has a plane of symmetry and that bending moments were acting along a single axis. In this chapter we want to remove those restrictions and to examine the multiaxis bending of beams with nonsymmetrical cross-sections. This will lead to a generalization of the flexure formula for the normal stress in the beam.In Chapter 1 we also obtained an expression for the shear stresses induced in symmetrical beams. It is difficult to obtain similar analytical shear-stress forms for beams with general unsymmetrical cross-sections. However, we will show that when the cross-section is thin one can obtain explicit expressions for the shear stresses. Analysis of the bending of thin beams will demonstrate that the shear force in the beam must pass through a specific point, called the shear center, if the beam is to bend without twisting. A new cross-sectional area property, called the principal sectorial area function, will be shown to play a key role in locating the shear center.