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We are literally stardust. Any understanding of the history of our planet must begin with a discussion of the origin of the elements that make up our solar system. This chapter reviews the origin of the universe and subsequent atomic elements within stars and how the growth and death of stars ultimately allowed solar systems and planets to form. We then focus on the formation of Earth and its component rocks and minerals, previously introduced in Chapter 1, as well as its hydrosphere and atmosphere, which define the Earth systems that initiate the rock cycle.
In the nineteenth century, when geologists were developing the geological timescale, the newly defined Cambrian Period marked a profound change in rocks. Cambrian and younger formations were rich in fossils, whereas older Precambrian rocks appeared to be free of fossils and had historically been assigned to the Azoic Eon (literally “time without life”). As discussed in Chapter 7, we now know that the Precambrian has a rich history of single-celled colonial life. It is also clear that metazoans, or multi-celled animals, appeared in the Neoproterozoic Era as the Earth was coming out of the Cryogenian snowball Earth period, which was the focus of Chapter 8.