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This brief chapter on Britain around the year 500 sets the scene for a chronological survey of the early medieval island. But it is difficult at this point to see very much with certainty. Britain at the outset of the period covered by this volume lies under a veil of obscurity. Precious few written sources survive to give an account of the major contours of its history, and those that do survive are unreliable, brief or highly stylised. Archaeological remains survive in larger quantity (at least from some regions) but, against such a partial historical background, they pose significant problems of interpretation.
This chapter focuses on changes in the first century and a half or so of early medieval Britain. By the end of the period, in the middle of the seventh century, numerous kingdoms of varying size and strength can be discerned. Their violent interactions are relatively well known; the situation at the period’s outset, however, is much more obscure. In this chapter we will look at the developments in North Britain, beyond the former Roman frontier, as well as in the south, noting the many points of contact and comparison. We will also consider the practicalities of how kings established themselves by using the material and symbolic trappings of power. We will focus on religious change, as well, for this was an important era in the spread of Christianity. And we will pay particular attention to Gildas, a British writer of (probably) the sixth century whose work, while contentious and opaque in many respects, continues to be the key textual source for Britain in this period.