We live in a world in which we are faced with a myriad of health issues. Addressing our most pressing concerns is a complex task that requires action on several levels, from global to local and from prevention through to treatment. At a global level, the World Health Organization (WHO) is a United Nation’s (UN) agency whose primary role is to lead and coordinate global health efforts. This chapter introduces readers to the discipline of health promotion, a core function of the WHO. The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion (‘Ottawa Charter’) will be used to frame the chapter's discussion. The Ottawa Charter is the guiding framework that health promotion practitioners use to address the multiple determinants of health through multi-sectoral and multi-level approaches. The Ottawa Charter is guided by three main principles: advocate, enable, and mediate. The three guiding principles facilitate implementation of the Ottawa Charter’s five action areas: building healthy public policy, creating supportive environments, strengthening community action, developing individual skills and re-orienting health services. Each of the action areas is explored in the rest of the chapter.

Migration is a defining issue of our times (Orcutt et al, 2020). An estimated 281 million migrants (3.6% of the world’s population) live outside their countries of origin (IOM, 2020). In 2020, more than 55 million people were internally displaced within their countries of origin due to conflict and violence (48 million) or disaster (7 million) (Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC), 2021). Human migration has consequences for health. Migration is not intrinsically unhealthy; migrants can experience health benefits through increased economic and educational opportunities and better access to health services in destination sites. Yet some migrants - such as those migrating between low-income countries, those displaced by conflict of natural disaster and irregular migrants - experience heightened threats to health. This chapter discusses the links between migration and social determinants of healthand encourages students to understand various health issues that may arise across various stages of migration processes. Students are also introduced to policy and practice in migrant health.

A person’s geographic, social and economic circumstances affect their health and life expectancy. These factors are referred to as social determinants and are difficult for individuals to change. Many social determinants of health can be addressed only through collective action, such as by governments. This chapter looks at another influence on public health: the choices each of us makes. The choices people make will influence their health and the health of others. Public health interventions such as campaigns asking people to eat better, exercise more, quit smoking and take care on the roads assume that people will modify their behaviour in response to warnings and advice. This assumption is questionable. People routinely ignore health messages. To change people’s behaviour we need to understand how and why people make good and bad choices. That is why models of individual behaviour choice are described in this chapter. The chapter also considers whether people are truly free to make their own choices, or whether individual decisions are at least partly determined socially.

A typical modern computational system is structured like a tower, with eachlayer’s proper behavior contingent on the correctness of the onebelow. The website that you use to send money to a friend relies on both astack of networking protocols (HTTP relying on TCP, which is relying on IP,etc.), as well as a stack of applications on your computer or your phone(your browser relying on your operating system, which is relying on thehardware itself). A key theme in computer science is this idea ofabstraction: that, so long as it’s workingproperly, you can rely on the next layer in one of these towers (or afunction in a large program, or . ..) without worryingabout how exactly it works. You just have to trustthat it works.

Imagine converting a color photograph to grayscale (as in Figure 2.1).Implementing this conversion requires interacting with a slew offoundational data types (the basic “kinds of things”) thatshow up throughout CS. A pixel is a sequence of three colorvalues, red, green, and blue. (And an image is a two-dimensional sequence ofpixels.)

Three broad features of modification constructions are the modification--reference continuum, word order of modifiers and head, and anaphoric-head constructions. Nominal modifiers may perform an anchoring function, establishing a referent that helps to pick out the head referent; or they may perform a typifying function, subcategorizing the head referent not unlike prototoypical modifiers. The constructions used for nominal modification vary correspondingly. Numeral and mensural constructions also differ along the modification--reference continuum, albeit with a reversal of head and modifier. Asymmetries in modifier--noun word order obey a number of implicational universals, and also provide evidence that prenominal modifiers are more tightly integrated into the referring phrase than postnominal modifiers. Anaphoric-head modifiers lack a common noun head, and employ either pronominal head or ‘headless’ strategies. Modification constructions may arise diachronically when an anaphoric-head construction comes to be juxtaposed to a common noun and then integrated into a single referring phrase.

The skeletal structure of a sentence is defined by the propositional acts of reference, predication, and modification. Reference is carried out by a referring phrase. The prototypical head of a referring phrase denotes an object; this is a noun. Modifiers are dependents of a noun that form attributive phrases. The prototypical head of an attributive phrase denotes a property; this is an adjective. A clause predicates something of a referent or referents. The prototypical head of a clause denotes an action; this is a verb. Reference, modification, and predication of nonprototypical concepts is possible, and often expressed by distinct constructions. Three principles govern how combinations of information packaging and semantic content are expressed: any concept can be packaged in any way; some ways are more ‘natural’ than others; and how they are packaged is constrained by conventions of the speech community. Nonprototypical constructions often share properties of ‘neighboring’ prototypical constructions. They often differ by having additional forms coding the nonprototypical function, and/or by a lesser potential for expressing associated grammatical categories (e.g., inflections).