Uniquely interdisciplinary and accessible, The Cambridge Introduction to Intercultural Communication is the ideal text for undergraduate introductory courses in Intercultural Communication, International Communication and Cross-cultural Communication. Suitable for students and practitioners alike, it encompasses the breadth of intercultural communication as an academic field and a day-to-day experience in work and private life, including international business, public services, schools and universities.

This textbook touches on a range of themes in intercultural communication, such as evolutionary and positive psychology, key concepts from critical intercultural communication, postcolonial studies and transculturality, intercultural encounters in contemporary literature and film, and the application of contemporary intercultural communication research for the development of health services and military services.

The concise, up-to-date overviews of key topics are accompanied by a wide variety of tasks and eighteen case studies for in-depth discussions, homework, and assessments.

Uniquely interdisciplinary and accessible, The Cambridge Introduction to Intercultural Communication is the ideal text for undergraduate introductory courses in Intercultural Communication, International Communication and Cross-cultural Communication. Suitable for students and practitioners alike, it encompasses the breadth of intercultural communication as an academic field and a day-to-day experience in work and private life, including international business, public services, schools and universities.

This textbook touches on a range of themes in intercultural communication, such as evolutionary and positive psychology, key concepts from critical intercultural communication, postcolonial studies and transculturality, intercultural encounters in contemporary literature and film, and the application of contemporary intercultural communication research for the development of health services and military services.

The concise, up-to-date overviews of key topics are accompanied by a wide variety of tasks and eighteen case studies for in-depth discussions, homework, and assessments.

Uniquely interdisciplinary and accessible, The Cambridge Introduction to Intercultural Communication is the ideal text for undergraduate introductory courses in Intercultural Communication, International Communication and Cross-cultural Communication. Suitable for students and practitioners alike, it encompasses the breadth of intercultural communication as an academic field and a day-to-day experience in work and private life, including international business, public services, schools and universities.

This textbook touches on a range of themes in intercultural communication, such as evolutionary and positive psychology, key concepts from critical intercultural communication, postcolonial studies and transculturality, intercultural encounters in contemporary literature and film, and the application of contemporary intercultural communication research for the development of health services and military services.

The concise, up-to-date overviews of key topics are accompanied by a wide variety of tasks and eighteen case studies for in-depth discussions, homework, and assessments.

Uniquely interdisciplinary and accessible, The Cambridge Introduction to Intercultural Communication is the ideal text for undergraduate introductory courses in Intercultural Communication, International Communication and Cross-cultural Communication. Suitable for students and practitioners alike, it encompasses the breadth of intercultural communication as an academic field and a day-to-day experience in work and private life, including international business, public services, schools and universities.

This textbook touches on a range of themes in intercultural communication, such as evolutionary and positive psychology, key concepts from critical intercultural communication, postcolonial studies and transculturality, intercultural encounters in contemporary literature and film, and the application of contemporary intercultural communication research for the development of health services and military services.

The concise, up-to-date overviews of key topics are accompanied by a wide variety of tasks and eighteen case studies for in-depth discussions, homework, and assessments.

Uniquely interdisciplinary and accessible, The Cambridge Introduction to Intercultural Communication is the ideal text for undergraduate introductory courses in Intercultural Communication, International Communication and Cross-cultural Communication. Suitable for students and practitioners alike, it encompasses the breadth of intercultural communication as an academic field and a day-to-day experience in work and private life, including international business, public services, schools and universities.

This textbook touches on a range of themes in intercultural communication, such as evolutionary and positive psychology, key concepts from critical intercultural communication, postcolonial studies and transculturality, intercultural encounters in contemporary literature and film, and the application of contemporary intercultural communication research for the development of health services and military services.

The concise, up-to-date overviews of key topics are accompanied by a wide variety of tasks and eighteen case studies for in-depth discussions, homework, and assessments.

The national income and product accounts yield key economic aggregates and detail their component parts. Gross domestic product (GDP), the principal measure of economic activity, is arrived at through three different approaches that sum elements along different dimensions as follows: the product approach based on sector of production, the broad divisions being agriculture, industry, and services; the expenditure approach defined over consumption, investment, government, and exports net of imports; and the income approach encompassing wages, interest, rents, and profits. The expenditures approach gives rise to a basic identity equating the gap between saving and domestic investment (S-I) to the trade balance (X-M). Comparison of the economies of Emerging East Asia by GDP component brings out the region’s diversity. Historic data for Taiwan reveal systematic changes that occur in conjunction with economic development.

Chapters 15 and 16 briefly touched upon geographical issues. They discussed urban–rural interactions (such as rural–urban migration), but without explicitly incorporating geographical considerations. Although they distinguished between two types of locations (rural and urban), they did not discuss where these are located on a map. Distance and the interaction between locations did not enter the discussion. This is an abstraction that allowed the focus to be on the different type of locations, the role of agriculture versus manufacturing, and the urbanization process as such. It did not enable an analysis of an important aspect of the global economic system, namely agglomeration or the unequal distribution of population and economic activity across space (see also Chapters 1 and 16).

The key actor in economics is the firm. Casual observation shows that firms differ in many aspects. What they produce, how they are organized, how much they sell, for which markets they produce, and how productive they are varies substantially from one firm to another. Over the past two decades, the activities and characteristics of the firm and how firms differ in many relevant aspects has become central in economic analysis. This shift of emphasis was made possible by a much wider availability of detailed micro-level data (first in the USA, and then in many other countries), which allowed empirical economists (led by Bernard and Jensen 1995 and 1999) to analyze firm characteristics for different types of firms.

Part IV consists of five chapters and focuses on connections and interactions between different parts of the development process. Chapter 15 starts with a discussion of agriculture in connection with (rural) development, by reviewing agricultural production and employment in an historical perspective in relation to the Lewis model of development. After an evaluation, this chapter continues with a discussion of development in the agricultural sector before concluding with agricultural policies. Chapter 16 evaluates the rising importance of location for economic development by analyzing the role of urbanization and agglomeration in the development process, both from an historical perspective and more recently. Chapter 17 continues in this spatial direction by discussing regularities (Zipf’s Law and the Gravity Equation) in a geographical economics framework with multiple equilibria and path dependence. A discussion in a broad historical perspective emphasizes the rising importance of human interaction over time while building on geo-human interaction. Chapter 18 discusses firm heterogeneity and focuses on the rising importance of multinational firms for economic development. It provides an overview of empirical regularities before explaining the Melitz model, which helps to understand horizontal and vertical foreign direct investment (fragmentation). The chapter reviews the links with (wage) inequality and concludes with a discussion of multinationals and development. Chapter 19 concludes the book with a discussion of sustainability in connection with development and the environment by analyzing scale, competition, and technology effects, multilateral agreements and the natural resource curse, as well as the main differences between renewable and nonrenewable natural resources.

An exchange rate is the price of one currency in terms of another. The movement over time of a currency’s value relative to a composite basket of currencies is given by an effective exchange rate index, in either real or nominal terms. Left entirely to market forces, exchange rates can be highly volatile. To manage exchange rate movement, central banks in Emerging East Asia intervene in foreign exchange markets to varying degrees. At one extreme, Hong Kong maintains a hard peg to the US dollar. At the other, exchange rate regimes classified by the International Monetary Fund as “floating”, but not “free floating”, are followed by Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand. Whether the regime is fixed or floating, mechanisms exist to maintain balance in international payments. The Indonesian case offers lessons in the challenges of exchange rate management. In the face of a balance of payments shock, such as a foreign capital inflow or outflow or a shift in export prices, the central bank "leans against the wind" to moderate appreciation or depreciation.

Fiscal policy aims at stabilizing an economy through government management of spending and taxes to influence aggregate demand. Fiscal policy works through both automatic stabilizers, based on countercyclical responses of spending and taxation to income fluctuations, and active management, particularly in response to severe negative shocks. Fiscal stimulus is most effective under conditions of either a fixed exchange rate combined with high capital mobility or a floating exchange rate combined with low capital mobility. Use of activist fiscal policy is limited by cumbersome decision-making processes, the countervailing effects of government borrowing on interest and exchange rates, and debt sustainability constraints. Space to run a primary fiscal deficit while holding the debt ratio constant is greater the lower the interest rate and the higher the GDP growth rate. Debt-to-GDP ratios vary greatly across Emerging East Asia, and with that so does capacity to respond to crisis. After running deficits that exceeded the sustainbility threshold for some years, Vietnam managed to put government finances on a sounder footing by the late 2010s.

In 2020, there were about 7.8 billion people on our planet. This chapter analyzes the links between economic development (measured by income per capita) and demographic factors, like birth rates and death rates. Associated with these links are (i) a demographic transition model, which (ii) produces a period of rapidly rising population levels, and (iii) associated changes in the age structure of populations, leading to (iv) additional economic benefits known as the demographic dividend. This chapter analyzes the size and structure of these effects for the world as a whole and the main countries and regions. It also analyzes the relative importance of international migration, both voluntary and involuntary (through refugees), for determining the size of the population. This analysis helps us to better understand recent economic developments (1950–2015) in different parts of the world, as well as expected future developments (2015–2050) for Europe, China, India, and Africa.

Latin Americans can feel insecure for many different and overlapping reasons. U.S. and Latin American leaders don’t always agree on what these are, what causes them, and what should be done about them. Given all the previous chapters, this shouldn’t surprise us. In 2021, the Office of the Director of National Intelligence pointed to threats stemming from economic crisis (exacerbated by Covid-19), crime, narcotics trafficking, corruption, and Venezuela. It also noted the threatening presence of China and Russia. Latin American leaders show widely varying degrees of agreement about these. This chapter highlights U.S. policy dealing with insecurity and Latin American divergence from it. The dynamics of the economy, as well as extrahemispheric actors, are already addressed in other chapters. That leaves a focus on crime, drug trafficking, and corruption, but also considered is climate change, which the Organization of American States keeps front and center.