In this chapter we introduce a variant of the BB’84 quantum key distribution protocol, the E’91 protocol due to Ekert. We show that this protocol achieves a higher level of security called “device independent security.” What this means, informally, is that the new protocol’s security doesn’t rely on Alice and Bob performing trusted measurements on their qubit in each round. We sketch the proof of security of the E’91 protocol, which rests on the property of entanglement monogamy.

Chapter 5 reviewed the consequences at the level of protein structure and function of the vast range of mutations that can befall the human genome and contribute to cancer. The extent of this range makes it unsurprising that most aspects of normal cellular behaviour are subverted in the development of tumours. This chapter reviews these changes that essentially define a tumour cell. They include a switch to aberrant signalling in both pro- and anti-proliferative pathways, the acquisition of the capacity to avoid cell death and to replicate indefinitely, and perturbation of the normal metabolic profile. In addition, dynamic interactions between tumours and normal cells in their environment can progressively co-opt inflammatory and immune responses so that they support rather than inhibit tumour growth and can recruit host endothelium to provide a blood supply. The defining feature of malignant tumours is the ability of cells to migrate through adjacent tissue and eventually to colonise distant sites. This process of metastasis is poorly understood at the molecular level. It remains essentially untreatable and is the major cause of cancer death.

In this chapter we present an alternative path to base security in challenging settings. We will discover that physical assumptions on the adversary, such that they have a bounded or a noisy quantum memory, can be leveraged to design secure protocols for tasks, such as 1-2 oblivious transfer, for which there cannot exist an unconditionally secure protocol. To prove security we make a fresh use of uncertainty relations introduced earlier in the context of quantum key distribution.

Building on the discussion of suprasegmentals in Chapters 6and 7, this chapter introduces the concept of intonation. The chapter begins by defining intonation both articulatorily and acoustically, with a focus on the relationship among pitch, tone, and intonation. The chapter then provides an overview of methods of analysing intonation, including acoustic analysis and theTone and Break Indices (ToBI) System. The chapter next examines intonational systems in different varieties of English by first describing GAmE and SSBE sentence intonation and pitch accent patterns, to provide a framework through which to examine other varieties. The intonation and pitch accent patterns from different varieties is then discussed, as is the pitch range of different varieties. The chapter then examines two global phenomena in detail – High Rising Terminal on declarative statements, or uptalk; and creaky voice, also commonly called vocal fry. The chapter ends with exercises to check your understanding of the content of the chapter, as well as to expand your knowledge through an analysis of the intonation and pitch accent patterns in your own variety of English.

Republic opens with S., who will be the sole narrator of the dialogue, recounting how he and Glaucon went to the Piraeus to witness the inaugural festival in honor of the Thracian goddess Bendis and to offer prayers to her. While there they encounter, and are detained by, Polemarchus, who insists that they not return immediately to Athens but remain for further festivities and conversation with Glaucon’s older brother Adeimantus among others. By having S. serve as narrator, P. steers clear of the dramatic form exhibited by such dialogues as Crito and Euthyphro, which might have proved awkward in Books Three and Ten, where the mimetic mode is disparaged. Republic shares this narrative form with Charmides and Lysis, which also open with first-person verbs spoken by S. (Ἥκοµεν and Ἐπορευόµην). Unlike those dialogues, however, in which S. is headed for one of his regular haunts, a palaestra, here he is found in a less familiar setting, the port of Athens. In this regard Republic is comparable to Phaedrus, the rural setting of which prompts S.’s companion to observe that he is unaware that S. ventures outside the city walls at all (230c–d); by taking S.

Chapter 4 introduced the concept of information transfer to cells whereby chemical signals (hormones and cytokines) transmit information across the outer, plasma membrane via protein receptors that, in turn, activate relays of proteins converging on the nucleus to direct appropriate patterns of gene expression. Prominent components of such signalling networks in the context of cancer are receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) that signal via RAS, a molecular switch, to the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and other protein relays that control aspects of normal cell growth. These networks show aberrant behaviour in most human tumours due to activating mutations in RAS or other components. Oncogenic RAS signalling frequently combines with abnormal activity of MYC, a central regulator of cell growth and proliferation, in tumour development.

In this chapter, we will examine the emergence and evolution of the language called English. One of the first questions we will seek to answer is: Is English ‘English’? In other words, did English originate in the geographic area known today as England? To answer this question, we journey back to the roots of English, beginning with Indo-European. We then begin the story of English, with the emergence of Old English from 449 CE, after which we move into the era of Middle English, focusing on the impact of Anglo-Norman French. The emergence of English literature, and particularly the work of Chaucer, during this period is also discussed. We willexamine how British international trade and colonization of the Americas, Australia, and New Zealand, as well as parts of Asia, the Caribbean, and Africa, changed and spread the English language worldwide. The chapter concludes with an overview of the terminology used to describe the varieties of English that will be examined in this volume. The final section of the chapter has a series of exercises and tasks to guide you through a revision of the contents of the chapter.