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37983 results in Cambridge Textbooks

Page 1712 of 1900

  • ORATIO PRIMA

  • Marcus Tullius Cicero
  • Edited by Andrew R. Dyck, University of California, Los Angeles
  • Book:
    Cicero: <I>Catilinarians</I>
    Published online:
    28 May 2018
    Print publication:
    10 April 2008, pp 25-33

  • Summary

    Quo usque tandem abutere, Catilina, patientia nostra? quam diu etiam furor iste tuus nos eludet? quem ad finem sese effrenata iactabit audacia? nihilne te nocturnum praesidium Palati, nihil urbis uigiliae, nihil timor populi, nihil concursus bonorum omnium, nihil hic munitissimus habendi senatus locus, nihil horum ora uultusque mouerunt? patere tua consilia non sentis, constrictam iam horum omnium scientia teneri coniurationem tuam non uides? quid proxima, quid superiore nocte egeris, ubi fueris, quos conuocaueris, quid consili ceperis quem nostrum ignorare arbitraris? o tempora, o mores! senatus haec intellegit, consul uidet; hic tamen uiuit. uiuit? immo uero etiam in senatum uenit, fit publici consili particeps, notat et designat oculis ad caedem unum quemque nostrum, nos autem fortes uiri satis facere rei publicae uidemur, si istius furorem ac tela uitemus. ad mortem te, Catilina, duci iussu consulis iam pridem oportebat, in te conferri pestem istam quam tu in nos omnes iam diu machinaris.

    An uero uir amplissimus, P. Scipio, pontifex maximus, Ti. Gracchum mediocriter labefactantem statum rei publicae priuatus interfecit, Catilinam orbem terrae caede atque incendiis uastare cupientem nos consules perferemus? nam illa nimis antiqua praetereo, quod C. Serui-lius Ahala Sp. Maelium nouis rebus studentem manu sua occidit. fuit, fuit ista quondam in hac re publica uirtus ut uiri fortes acrioribus suppliciis ciuem perniciosum quam acerbissimum hostem coercerent. habemus senatus consultum in te, Catilina, uehemens et graue; non deest rei publicae consilium neque auctoritas huius ordinis; nos, nos, dico aperte, consules desumus.

  • ORATIO SECVNDA

  • Marcus Tullius Cicero
  • Edited by Andrew R. Dyck, University of California, Los Angeles
  • Book:
    Cicero: <I>Catilinarians</I>
    Published online:
    28 May 2018
    Print publication:
    10 April 2008, pp 34-42

  • Summary

    Tandem aliquando, Quirites, L. Catilinam furentem audacia, scelus anhelantem, pestem patriae nefarie molientem, uobis atque huic urbi ferro flammaque minitantem ex urbe uel eiecimus uel emisimus uel ipsum egredientem uerbis prosecuti sumus. abiit, excessit, euasit, erupit. nulla iam pernicies a monstro illo atque prodigio moenibus ipsis intra moenia comparabitur. atque hunc quidem unum huius belli domestici ducem sine controuersia uicimus. non enim iam inter latera nostra sica illa uersabitur; non in campo, non in foro, non in curia, non denique intra domesticos parietes pertimescemus. loco ille motus est, cum est ex urbe depulsus. palam iam cum hoste nullo impediente 10bellum iustum geremus. sine dubio perdidimus hominem magnificeque uicimus, cum illum ex occultis insidiis in apertum latrocinium coniecimus. quod uero non cruentum mucronem ut uoluit extulit, quod uiuis nobis egressus est, quod ei ferrum e manibus extorsimus, quod incolumes ciues, quod stantem urbem reliquit, quanto tandem illum maerore esse afflictum et profligatum putatis? iacet ille nunc prostratus, Quirites, et se perculsum atque abiectum esse sentit et retorquet oculos profecto saepe ad hanc urbem quam e suis faucibus ereptam esse luget. quae quidem mihi laetari uidetur, quod tantam pestem euomuerit forasque proiecerit.

  • Commentary

  • Marcus Tullius Cicero
  • Edited by Andrew R. Dyck, University of California, Los Angeles
  • Book:
    Cicero: <I>Catilinarians</I>
    Published online:
    28 May 2018
    Print publication:
    10 April 2008, pp 60-240

  • Summary

    CATILINARIAN

    Following a visit by assassins to his house on the pretext of the morning salutatio, C., as consul, summoned a meeting of the senate to the temple of Jupiter Stator that same day (8 or possibly 7 November; cf. appendix 2). The speech for this occasion was written up and published (cf. the Introduction section 4) and is known as the First Catilinarian. It has as its subject not a bill proposed for enactment but rather Catiline himself and his future.

    C. was evidently launched on a narrative of the frustrated assassination attempt (cf. 2.12.5–7 hesterno die, Quirites, cum domi meae paene interfectus essem, senatum in aedem Iouis Statoris conuocaui, rem omnem ad patres conscriptos detuli) when Catiline entered the chamber; our speech responds to Catiline's arrival; cf. Stroh (2000) 70. This scenario will account for the focus on Catiline as principal addressee of the speech, the other senators' shunning of Catiline, and the fact that the speech contains only two brief references to the attempted assassination (§§9.11–13 and 32.3).

    C. described the effect of the speech this way: L. Catilinam … ex urbe uel (1) eiecimus uel (2) emisimus uel (3) ipsum egredientem uerbis prosecuti sumus (Cat. 2.1.1–4; see ad loc.).

  • Section Five - ‘Socrates corrupts the young’

  • Corporate Author Joint Association of Classical Teachers
  • Book:
    An Independent Study Guide to Reading Greek
    Published online:
    05 June 2012
    Print publication:
    10 April 2008, pp 57-70

  • Summary

    This is a vital section, in which you will meet new tenses of the verb; so far the narrative has been confined to the present tense alone.

    In 5A–B the imperfect tense is introduced; and in 5C–D the future.

    If you are not happy with the term imperfect, it may be helpful to look at the explanation in GE p. 93, #103.

    Note: In Section 6 you will met another past tense called the aorist. The meaning of ‘imperfect’ in this context is ‘incomplete’, ‘unfinished’, while ‘aorist’ means ‘undefined’. For example:

    ‘I was going’ indicates an event that was taking place and not necessarily completed (consider its likely context: ‘I was going to the shop when …’, where the ‘when’ clause is likely to explain why I never reached the shop).

    ‘I went’, by contrast, indicates a definitely completed action – but at an undefined time (yesterday / last week / ten years ago etc.).

    Greek also has a perfect tense: this expresses a completed action in present time, ‘I have just come in’, ‘I have shut the door’. It is much less common than the aorist, and it is not introduced until Section 13E.

    Before beginning 5A you may find it helpful to write out the present tense (active and middle) of παύω, and another table for εἰμί, leaving room to the right of the table to enter imperfect endings as they occur.

  • Section Nine - Aristophanes' Wasps

  • Corporate Author Joint Association of Classical Teachers
  • Book:
    An Independent Study Guide to Reading Greek
    Published online:
    05 June 2012
    Print publication:
    10 April 2008, pp 113-136

  • Summary

    This is a long section with a lively story which introduces several important items of grammar, the dative case (GE pp. 176–180, #189–190), the aorist infinitive (GE pp. 187–189, #195–197), the aorist imperative (GE pp. 189–191, #198–200), γιγνώσκω (GE p. 201, #209), and the principal parts of common and very irregular verbs (GE p. 202, #211). None of this is difficult, but it pays to learn the new grammar carefully after each section in which it is introduced.

    Before you start you may like to look at the table (GE pp. 176–177, #103) where the forms of the dative are set out. Notice the predominance of ι:

    in -ᾳ -ῃ -ῳ -ι -ει in the singular

    in -αις -οις -σι in the plural

    The various uses of the dative are well described in GE pp. 179–180, #190.

    9A

    Page 100

    10 τί βουλόμενος As before, ‘wanting what, do you …?’ ἀπολεῖς με … ‘you will destroy me’, ‘you will be the death of me’. The future of ἀπόλλυμι.

    11 βοῆ χρῶμαι χράομαι (‘I use’) takes the dative (GE p.180, #190 (e)). The meaning is the same as if βοῶ had been written.

    17 ἐμπεσεῖται Future of ἐμπίπτω – πίπτωῦμαι ἕπεσον.

    18 τυγχάνεις εἰδώς εἰδως -ότος is the participle of οἶ the infinitive is εἰδέναι.

    20 οὑτοιί οῦτος αὕτη τοῦτο + ι is even more demonstrative. ‘These spectators here’. (Note that the neuter is τουτί ταυτί.)

  • Preface

  • Corporate Author Joint Association of Classical Teachers
  • Book:
    An Independent Study Guide to Reading Greek
    Published online:
    05 June 2012
    Print publication:
    10 April 2008, pp ix-x

  • Summary

    How to use this course

    You have three books:

    1. Reading Greek: Text and Vocabulary (RGT)

    2. Reading Greek: Grammar and Exercises (GE)

    3. Independent Study Guide to Reading Greek (ISG)

    In addition there is a CD Speaking Greek which illustrates pronunciation, and records readings from passages in RGT.

    You may also like to have The World of Athens (second edition 2008), which gives you background information about Athenian history and life.

    The first two books, RGT and GE, were designed to be used together so that

    1. You read the passage in RGT with the aid of the running vocabulary for the section.

    2. Then you look at the explanations of the grammar in GE.

    3. Then you learn the grammar and the lists of ‘vocabulary to be learnt’ in GE.

    4. Then you do the exercises for the section to make sure that you have understood the grammar. You may want to do each section of the exercises as you study the grammar in GE, so that you get immediate practice in a new feature of language. It is not essential to do all the exercises on morphology and syntax, but they will help you to practise the language and to make sure that you understand the grammar. However, you should always do the final ‘Test Exercise’ in each section, as it is an important check on your grasp of the section.

  • Section Sixteen - Official justice: ships, state and individuals

  • Corporate Author Joint Association of Classical Teachers
  • Book:
    An Independent Study Guide to Reading Greek
    Published online:
    05 June 2012
    Print publication:
    10 April 2008, pp 211-224

  • Summary

    In this section you will meet a number of different features of grammar and syntax that are clearly described in GE pp. 315–318, #291–294. Notice particularly μή + aorist subjunctive = ‘don't …’ (GE #292), and φοβοῦμαι μή + subjunctive = ‘I am afraid that something may happen’ (GE #293).

    Also there are verbal nouns ending in -τέος which express obligation (‘must’), GE #294–295.

    16A

    Page 192

    3 ἀθύμως ἔχοντι Agrees with ʾΑριστάρχῳ. ἔχω + adverb expresses the state that someone is in, e.g. καλῶς ἔχω ‘I am well’, κακῶς ἔχω ‘I am in a bad way.’

    10 τοὺς ἐξηγητάς These were state officials who advised what to do in cases of murder. Apollodoros' next question shows two of the procedures which they might advise on.

    13 ἐπεποιήκει What tense? see GE p. 315, #291.

    ἠδικήκει What tense?

    17 διεξελθόντι δέ μοι … οὺκ ἔφασαν ἐξεῖναι … Literally ‘to me having related … they said that it was not possible to …’

    ἐπεπόνθη What verb? What tense? Try πάσχω πείσομαι ἔπαθον πεπόνθα.

    Translation for 16A

    Apollodoros is going straight towards Ilisos, walking along the road outside the wall, beneath the wall itself. When he is at the gate, there he meets Aristarchos the son of Ariston, who is very depressed. Apollodoros, seeing Aristarchos coming towards him, addresses him.

  • Section Eleven - Aristophanes' Akharnians

  • Corporate Author Joint Association of Classical Teachers
  • Book:
    An Independent Study Guide to Reading Greek
    Published online:
    05 June 2012
    Print publication:
    10 April 2008, pp 149-157

  • Summary

    There is relatively little grammatical input in this section. You learn the present and imperfect tenses passive (GE pp. 226–227, #220), which are the same as the middle, the genitive absolute (GE p. 228, #222), comparative adverbs (GE pp. 229–230, #225) and the optative of φημί (GE p. 231, #227).

    The concept of the passive will present no problem to Latinists. GE p. 227, #221 will be useful.

    Aristophanes' comedy Akharnians tells us much about Athenian politics and the feelings of the countrymen of Attica cooped up inside the city during the Peloponnesian War. It holds out a tantalising vision of peace.

    11A

    Page 132

    1 κυρία ἐκκλησία See RGT p. 91, Section 8A line 25 and the map on RGT p. 92.

    2 ἡ Πνὺξ αὑτηί αύτηί is the extra demonstrative form. Cf. ούτοσί.

    ἐρῆμος Why no feminine ending? It's a two-termination adjective, i.e. it has no separate feminine ending. Compound adjectives (e.g. ἀ-θάνατος, εὐ-δόκιμος) mostly fall into this category, as well as a number of other adjectives. See GE pp. 230–231, #226.

    5 σχοινίον A rope with vermilion dye was swept across the agora to push people towards the Pnyx (the hill on which the ecclesia was held). The Assembly itself was proclaimed by a trumpet call; any citizen arriving with vermilion dye, and therefore touched by the rope, could be fined for arriving late.

  • Section Six

  • Corporate Author Joint Association of Classical Teachers
  • Book:
    An Independent Study Guide to Reading Greek
    Published online:
    05 June 2012
    Print publication:
    10 April 2008, pp 71-83

  • Summary

    In this section the aorist tense is introduced (if you are uncertain of terminology, please refer back to the note at the beginning of Section 5). You may want to look at GE pp. 115–118, #128–138. You will find that in most cases the aorist adds a sigma before the ending, just like the future; but, as it is a past tense, it will also have an augment, like the imperfect.

    6A

    Page 63

    3 ἔκοψε, ἐβόησεν The first examples of the aorist. Note (a) the augment ἐ- (as for imperfect); (b) -σε in the ending; note also that π + ς = ψ. The contracted verb lengthens the stem vowel before adding the ending, just as in the future.

    5 ἔκοψα, ἐβόησα 1st person singular (as ἐγώ indicates). Note ἐ- (augment), -σα (person-ending).

    6 τίς ὤν σὸ τούτο ἐποίησας Literally ‘You being who did this?’ or ‘Who are you that you did this?’ (2nd singular aorist indicated by σύ). Again, ἐ- (augment), -σας (person-ending), and the lengthening of the stem vowel.

    10 ποιήσω, κόψω What tense?

    12 τίς ὁ κόπτων; ‘Who is the one knocking?’ Note the use of the participle. ἐπσύσατο The first example of the middle aorist. Note ἐ- (augment), -σατο (person-ending).

    Page 64

    17 ἐπαυσάμην Which person do you think this is? Cf. ἐπαυόμην. ὦ ʾγαθέ = ὦ ἀγαθέ.

  • Appendix 2 - The date of Catilinarian 1

  • Marcus Tullius Cicero
  • Edited by Andrew R. Dyck, University of California, Los Angeles
  • Book:
    Cicero: <I>Catilinarians</I>
    Published online:
    28 May 2018
    Print publication:
    10 April 2008, pp 243-244

  • Summary

    The date of the First Catilinarian remains a hard problem. The evidence consists of the following passages:

  • (a) Cat. 1.1.7–9 quid proxima, quid superiore nocte egeris … quem nostrum ignorare arbitraris?

  • (b) Cat. 1.4.8 nos uicesimum iam diem patimur hebescere aciem horum auctoritatis.

  • (c) Asc. 6C idem Cicero in ea quoque quam habuit in Catilinam in senatu ait *** octauus decimus dies esset postea quam factum est senatus consultum … dixit uicesimum diem habere se S.C.tamquam in uagina reconditum.

  • (d) Cat. 1.8.6 recognosce mecum tandem noctem illam superiorem.

  • (e) Sul. 52 quid tandem de illa nocte dicit, cum inter falcarios ad M. Laecam nocte ea quae consecuta est posterum diem nonarum Nouembrium me consule Catilinae denuntiatione conuenit?

    • The one fixed date we have is that of the meeting at Laeca's house in the Scythemakers' Street: according to (e), that occurred in the night following the day after the nones (i.e. 5th) of November, viz. the night of 6–7 November. At that meeting the conspirators Cornelius and Vargunteius undertook to slay C. illa ipsa nocte (Cat. 1.9.12). Is that when the assassination attempt took place, i.e. in the early morning hours of 7 November? C. does not say so explicitly, but he strongly implies as much: his emphasis on his immediate acquisition of intelligence (haec ego omnia uixdum etiam coetu uestro dimisso comperi: 1.10.2) and counter-measures would seem positively misleading if the would-be assassins allowed a day to elapse between the planning and execution.

  • Section Four - Lawlessness in Athenian life

  • Corporate Author Joint Association of Classical Teachers
  • Book:
    An Independent Study Guide to Reading Greek
    Published online:
    05 June 2012
    Print publication:
    10 April 2008, pp 42-56

  • Summary

    In this Section, the new grammatical material includes the use of participles – of the verb ‘to be’ in Sections A–B, of active and middle verbs in Sections C–D.

    Participles are very widely used in Greek: this means, in effect, that you should observe carefully the way they are used and not move on from Section 4 until you are quite happy with all the usages of participles encountered in this Section.

    There are also more types of 3rd declension nouns, adjectives and pronouns (see GE pp.70–72, #77–80).

    4A

    Page 42

    1 ὅσον πλῆθος Once again the exclamatory use of ὅσος. πλῆθος is neuter (GE p. 71, #78) so the two agree. ‘What a great crowd …!’

    2 τὰ τείχη τεῖχος is another neuter noun of the 3rd declension like πλῆθος. The Long Walls joined Athens to the Piraeus. See the map on page 38 of RGT.

    3 πυράς τινας The meaning should be clear (cf. τὰ πυρά in Section 3) but note that here we have the acc. pl. of another noun, ἡ πυρά ‘funeral pyre’.

    4 πρὸς τῶν θεῶν ‘by the gods’ – the case usage will be explained later. δαίμων English ‘demon’ is derived from this word, but note that the Greek has no ‘bad’ implications – it is a neutral term meaning ‘god’, ‘divine spirit’.

    6 κακοδαίμων ‘ill-starred’ is perhaps the closest English can get to this idea.

  • Section Two - The glorious past

  • Corporate Author Joint Association of Classical Teachers
  • Book:
    An Independent Study Guide to Reading Greek
    Published online:
    05 June 2012
    Print publication:
    10 April 2008, pp 20-29

  • Summary

    In this section you will practise a third variant of the contracted verbs that you met in Section 1. You will add -οω verbs (GE p. 20, #24) to -αω and -εω ones. It is easy to recognise which person the ending indicates. These are all in the active voice.

    You will also meet a new pattern of verb in what is called the middle voice (GE pp. 43–46, #52–54). The active voice describes what the subject does to the object. The middle describes what the subject does for (or to) himself, or does for his own advantage, and it often does not have an object. The verbs you will meet in this section occur only in the middle and do not have an active voice.

    You may want to make a chart of the present indicative middle and to add the new endings as you meet them, or you may just prefer to keep referring to GE pp. 44–45, #52–53.

    You will also meet some more noun types (GE pp. 46–48, #55–58) which you will eventually have to learn, but you will be able to recognise what case they are in from the article used with them.

    2A

    After reading the English introduction, try reading through the whole of the first page (aloud, if circumstances permit!). Then try translating the paragraph, using the running vocabulary and the following notes for guidance if you need them.

Page 1712 of 1900