Preface

This book details a fairly traditional view of articulatory phonetics, and some related aspects of phonology. Our focus throughout is on English phonetics, as English is the language of instruction, and the one with which all readers will therefore be familiar. Aspects of general phonetic theory are illustrated using examples from English, and supported by other languages where appropriate. We begin in Section 1 with a concentration on individual speech sounds, think about how sounds combine into words in Section 2, and finish in Section 3 with phenomena that occur when words are combined into longer stretches of speech.

The book is aimed at students with no prior knowledge of phonetics or linguistics; therefore, new terminology is emboldened and explained when it is first introduced. The book is suitable for first-year undergraduates studying subjects such as linguistics or speech and language therapy, and may also be used for revision by more advanced students. It would certainly be possible for students to teach themselves a good deal of phonetics using this coursebook. However, as phonetics is the study of speech, discussion with a tutor, who can demonstrate particular sounds and clarify any variant aspects of pronunciation, is sometimes recommended in the text. The book may also be used in class, with students working through the exercises either before or during contact hours. Whether used alone, with a tutor or in a class, the units should be attempted in order. Each unit builds on the last, and it is assumed that all previous units have been completed at each stage.

INTRODUCTION

The final shapes of most mechanical parts are obtained by machining operations. Bulk deformation processes, such as forging and rolling, and casting processes are mostly followed by a series of metal-removing operations to achieve parts with desired shapes, dimensions, and surface finish quality. The machining operations can be classified under two major categories: cutting and grinding processes. The cutting operations are used to remove material from the blank. The subsequent grinding operations provide a good surface finish and precision dimensions to the part. The most common cutting operations are turning, milling, and drilling followed by special operations such as boring, broaching, hobing, shaping, and form cutting. However, all metal cutting operations share the same principles of mechanics, but their geometry and kinematics may differ from each other. The mechanics of cutting and the specific analysis for a variety of machining operations and tool geometries are not widely covered in this text. Instead, a brief introduction to the fundamentals of cutting mechanics and a comprehensive discussion of the mechanics of milling operations are presented. Readers are referred to established metal cutting texts authored by Armarego and Brown [25], Shaw [96], and Oxley [83] for detailed treatment of the machining processes.

MECHANICS OF ORTHOGONAL CUTTING

Although the most common cutting operations are three-dimensional and geometrically complex, the simple case of two-dimensional orthogonal cutting is used to explain the general mechanics of metal removal.