This chapter introduces the first fermion generation. We begin with the electron and the left-handed neutrino, their CP invariance as well as anomalies in triangle diagrams and Witten’s global SU(2) anomaly. They are both canceled by adding up and down quarks. We discuss the constraints that anomaly cancelation imposes on the electric charges of the fermions. Finally we also add a right-handed neutrino, extend the anomaly discussion to the lepton and baryon numbers, and further extend the model by proceeding to technicolor.

In Chapter 13 we will discuss how to produce compression schemes that do not require a priori knowledge of the generative distribution. It turns out that designing a compression algorithm able to adapt to an unknown distribution is essentially equivalent to the problem of estimating an unknown distribution, which is a major topic of statistical learning. The plan for this chapter is as follows: (1) We will start by discussing the earliest example of a universal compression algorithm (of Fitingof). It does not talk about probability distributions at all. However, it turns out to be asymptotically optimal simultaneously for all iid distributions and with small modifications for all finite-order Markov chains. (2) The next class of universal compressors is based on assuming that the true distribution belongs to a given class. These methods proceed by choosing a good model distribution serving as the minimax approximation to each distribution in the class. The compression algorithm for a single distribution is then designed as in previous chapters. (3) Finally, an entirely different idea are algorithms of Lempel–Ziv type. These automatically adapt to the distribution of the source, without any prior assumptions required.

In this chapter we introduce the problem of analyzing low-probability events, known as large deviation theory. It is usually solved by computing moment-generating functions and Fenchel-Legendre conjugation. It turns out, however, that these steps can be interpreted information-theoretically in terms of information projection. We show how to solve information projection in a special case of linear constraints, connecting the solution to exponential families.

Dirac, Weyl, and Majorana fermions are now formulated in terms of functional integrals of Grassmann fields in Euclidean space. We discuss continuous and discrete symmetries, the spin-statistics theorem as well as the transfer matrix on the lattice. Regarding the transformations C, P, and T, we highlight a little known subtlety of the parity behavior of Majorana fermions.

In Chapter 20 we study data transmission with constraints on the channel input. For example, how many bits per channel use can we transmit under constraints on the codewords? To answer this question in general, we need to extend the setup and coding theorems to channels with input constraints. After doing that we will apply these results to compute the capacities of various Gaussian channels (memoryless, with intersymbol interference and subject to fading).

Chapter 7 considers structural loading and response of horizontal-axis machines, with some theoretical background and illustrative measurements from different wind turbine types. The chapter begins with a recap on the dynamics of a single degree of freedom system, leading into a discussion of multi-DOF systems and modal analysis. The cyclic loads affecting a wind turbine structure are described including wind shear, tower shadow, and rotationally sampled turbulence. The concepts of stochastic and deterministic loading are explained and the principle of aerodynamic damping illustrated. Qualitative descriptions are given of gyroscopic, centrifugal, and electromechanical loading. The phenomenon of blade edgewise stall vibration is explained, with discussion of mechanical damper solutions. The last part of the chapter draws on an early experimental campaign in which the dynamic loading on a full scale wind turbine was measured and compared with the results of software simulation. Results from the same trials also demonstrate the difference in rotor thrust loading arising from positive and negative pitch control. The chapter concludes with a brief summary of fatigue prediction methods.

Chapter 4 starts with a discussion of imperialism constructed as a fact and as theory. It highlights the major disruptions in East Asian and world history. The prevailing realist, liberal institutionalist, and constructivist theories are not scaled to explain such dramatic transformations of East Asia by Western imperialism. Rather, a historical sociological approach anchored on evolutionary theory is a better fit. Western domination based on the rise of the West in terms of economic, technological, and military power took several centuries to complete. Some East Asian empires were also expanding after 1500. A turning point was Britain’s defeat of China in the Opium War of 1839–1842. After that, East Asian nations engaged earnestly in reform. Some, like Japan, succeeded, while others, like China, failed, resulting in a great divergence among Asian countries. To some extent, much of East Asia still lives in the shadow of that imperialist past.