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73852 results in Boydell & Brewer

Page 1388 of 3693

  • 1 - A Novel's Suffering Hero: A Youth in Berlin (1867–1889)

  • Albert Earle Gurganus
  • Book:
    Kurt Eisner
    Published by:
    Boydell & Brewer
    Published online:
    15 August 2018
    Print publication:
    25 May 2018, pp 7-18

  • Summary

    IN 1867 ALFRED NOBEL PATENTED DYNAMITE, Joseph Lister introduced his phenol antiseptic, Johann Strauß composed the Blue Danube Waltz, Ibsen published Peer Gynt, Henri Fantin-Latour painted Manet's portrait. Livingstone explored the Congo, Tsar Alexander II sold Alaska to the United States, Garibaldi launched his second campaign to wrest Rome from the French. Emperor Maximilian died before a republican firing squad in Mexico City. The Austrian ruler, Franz Josef I, ascended the throne of Hungary to establish the Dual Monarchy. The Southern rebellion quelled, the government of the United States turned its attention to subjugating the Plains Indians. In English exile Marx completed the first part of Capital. Having made war on Denmark for Schlweswig- Holstein and on Austria to consolidate Prussia's autonomy, Bismarck assumed the office of chancellor of the North German Confederation's twenty-two states, and his liege, King Wilhelm I, became their royal president. Under Bismarck's leadership Berlin stood at the ready to reclaim the prestige it enjoyed a century earlier when Friedrich II confounded the Continental powers to become “the Great.” The invasion of France was in the offing.

    An unlikely beneficiary of resurgent Prussia was a Jewish émigré who dealt by royal appointment in military regalia. Emanuel Eisner had been born forty years earlier in the Bohemian town Husinec, son of Hermann and Therese, née Gans. The family soon moved to Studenec in southern Moravia, where Hermann Eisner kept a tavern. Therese died in 1832, and upon his father's death young Emanuel learned the tanning trade before he and his brother Ignaz were taken in by relatives in Berlin and apprenticed in business. Together they opened shops in the early 1860s on Berlin's regal avenue Unter den Linden and in Danzig's bustling Kohlenmarkt, from which they supplied the Russian Imperial court with the insignia, buttons, braid, epaulets, ribbons, and medals that festooned the officers’ splendid uniforms. On 5 October 1863 thirty-six-year-old Emanuel, widowed with two sons, wed Hedwig Levenstein, daughter of the deceased Jewish merchant Levin Jontoff Levenstein. Two years later the brothers went their separate ways in business. Emanuel relocated his shop and residence to Friedrichstraße and added to his clientele the Prussian emperor and king, the duke of Braunschweig, and the prince of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt.

  • 16 - At Peace with Myself: Resettling into Family Life (1912–1913)

  • Albert Earle Gurganus
  • Book:
    Kurt Eisner
    Published by:
    Boydell & Brewer
    Published online:
    15 August 2018
    Print publication:
    25 May 2018, pp 289-302

  • Summary

    THE REICHSTAG CAMPAIGN OF 1912, Wilhelmine Germany's last national election, was hailed as a great victory for the Social Democratic Party and a resounding defeat for Weltpolitik. Winning four and a quarter million votes on the first ballot, over a third of the immense turnout, the party eventually claimed 110 of the 397 seats after runoffs, a gain of 67 from the 1907 debacle, 19 more than the second-place Center Party. For the first time since the founding of the Reich, Social Democrats were the dominant deputation, having won 27. percent of the mandates. In the days leading up to the first polling on Friday, 12 January, Eisner and fellow functionaries fanned out across South Bavaria to rally the rank and file. On the morning of the sixth he spoke in Prien, later the same afternoon in Endorf, and the following day in Kolbermoor. On the eve of the election the party's two candidates in Munich, Sebastian Witti and Georg von Vollmar, addressed crowds at beer halls in their respective districts. The banner of Saturday's edition of the Münchener Post, circulated late Friday afternoon, urged readers to the polls yet before the 19:00 close.

    In its combined Sunday/Monday issue the Post reported the heady results. Vollmar had been reelected in Munich's second district; Witti was in a runoff with Left Liberal Georg Kerschensteiner in the first. Nationally, Social Democratic candidates appeared to have won 67 districts outright and advanced to the second round in 120 others. In runoffs in which no Social Democrat remained on the ballot, the party's voters were poised to sway the outcome to best advantage. The lesson, Eisner wrote, was clear: “Whoever allies himself with Prussian Junker reaction is forever lost.” The Black-Blue Bloc of Center and Conservatives was smashed. Furious agitation preceded the second round of balloting. On the seventeenth Eisner targeted proponents of protective agricultural tariffs and low wages. On the twenty-third an editorial on the Reichstag's role in international affairs demanded the “democratization and parliamentarization of foreign policy” in the wake of Bethmann's near-disastrous Moroccan caper.

  • 8 - Never ... a Less Fruitful Scholastic Debate: Intramural Strife—Evolution vs. Revolution (1903–1905)

  • Albert Earle Gurganus
  • Book:
    Kurt Eisner
    Published by:
    Boydell & Brewer
    Published online:
    15 August 2018
    Print publication:
    25 May 2018, pp 138-159

  • Summary

    UNDETERRED BY BEBEL's HARANGUES at Dresden, Eisner resolved to maintain a centrist stance at Vorwärts befitting the national party's organ. Over the next two years his influence would rise to its prewar crest as he engaged in public debate with Kautsky on the nature and aims of Social Democracy, only to fall precipitately when he was driven from office in a purge orchestrated by Bebel, Kautsky, and Mehring. Never again would Vorwärts achieve the eminence or credibility it enjoyed under Eisner's direction.

    The task at hand upon Eisner's return to the capital was the campaign for the Prussian Landtag, the first in which the party had determined “to participate experimentally in order to gauge how much success working people can achieve in an electoral system that makes a mockery of right and fairness.” By the byzantine system prescribed by Bismarck in 1867 to preserve privilege, candidates divided into three categories by the taxes they paid were to be chosen as electors by their class-based constituencies. These electors then would choose the representation to the lower house of the Landtag, the House of Deputies. All voting was by public declaration rather than secret ballot, and votes counted more or less, depending on the class of the voter. As a result of these constraints and Social Democracy's historic boycott, Prussia's largest political party had not a single representative in the Landtag. This year, though, after the phenomenally successful Reichstag campaign, Social Democratic candidates were standing in every district where there was some prospect of a mandate.

    In his lead article of 4 October 1903 Eisner recapitulated the state of affairs in a feudal society surviving into the twentieth century and restated his critique of the “tragicomedy” of Prussia's liberal bourgeoisie. “Prussia has remained a barbarian state hostile to education, where the churches flourish and the schools wither; where the greatest part of the rural populace languishes in intellectual and material bondage; where the administration reposes in a small, narrow-minded caste of ruling families, the justice system completely alienated from popular sentiment; where the citizens are still denied the most basic rights and the state as chief employer embraces the basest practices of rapacious enterprise and exploitation; where even the freedom of thought and research is forbidden and artistic creativity is subject to the police saber.”

  • 24 - Now Dead, as It Stands: Outcomes and Legacy (1919–2017)

  • Albert Earle Gurganus
  • Book:
    Kurt Eisner
    Published by:
    Boydell & Brewer
    Published online:
    15 August 2018
    Print publication:
    25 May 2018, pp 425-442

  • Summary

    RECOVERING FROM INFLUENZA, art historian Julie Vogelstein departed Berlin by rail Friday morning, 21 February, for Munich, where she planned to visit a friend. The only other occupant of her compartment was a Prussian aristocrat, one Von der Schulenburg. They were conversing about forestry when he glanced down at his watch and casually remarked: “Eisner now has twenty minutes to live.” He handed her his calling card and suggested that she might show it to the director of the Fürstenhof Hotel in Nuremberg to obtain a room for the night. “The train will run only as far as Nuremberg,” he said. When they arrived there the platform was swarming with military guards; newspaper extras reported Eisner's assassination by Graf Arco. The track to the Bavarian capital was indeed closed.

    Moments after the gunfire on Promenadestraße ended, three soldiers with rifles and hand grenades rushed to Merkle and shouted: “Now to the Landtag where we'll clean house!” Pulling them over to Eisner's corpse, he pleaded with the infuriated trio to desist. “Could he but speak a few more words, he would tell you: Do not avenge me!” Merkle and Fechenbach had soldiers from the Foreign Ministry guard carry the two limp bodies to the Palais Montgelas. Eisner was laid out on a couch in the porter's room, his assailant dropped at the building's entrance. When Arco showed signs of life, enraged sailors had to be prevented from killing him on the spot. An angry crowd gathered. Merkle insisted that Arco be brought inside. Dr. Steudemann, police physician, officially pronounced Eisner dead.

    At the Landtag, where the deputies awaited the prime minister's entrance, word of the shootings arrived within minutes. Fechenbach strode into the hall, approached the ministers’ table, and spoke briefly with Auer and Roßhaupter. The two ministers turned deathly pale. A few moments later Sergeant Huber entered the journalists’ gallery, tearfully showed Eisner's bloodstained pince-nez, and brandishing his service revolver menacingly, declared that he had dispatched the assassin. At 10:10 Dr. Eugen Jäger of the Bavarian People's Party, president by seniority at age seventy-seven, opened the proceedings with a frightful statement: “Ladies and gentlemen, before we commence I must report rumor has it that Prime Minister Eisner was shot to death today.

  • Introduction

  • Translated by Jeffrey L. Forgeng
  • Book:
    Pietro Monte's Collectanea
    Published by:
    Boydell & Brewer
    Published online:
    03 July 2019
    Print publication:
    23 May 2018, pp 1-26

  • Summary

    For those who study the physical and material culture of chivalry, Pietro Monte's Collectanea is a resource without parallel. We can glean much about the material world of the knight from other written sources, whether in the technical instructions offered by combat treatises, in references embedded in theoretical writings like those of Ramón Llull and Christine de Pisan, or in the workaday details recorded in inventories and accountbooks. Medieval painting and sculpture are crucial sources as well, and of course there are the surviving artifacts, whether preserved in ancestral armories or excavated from the ground. But among all these windows on the physicality of the chivalric past, Monte's work stands out in a class by itself.

    Surviving copies of Monte's writings are rare, and for a long time the Collectanea was widely believed to be lost. It began to receive scholarly attention from Raimund Sobotka and others in the 1970s and 1980s, since when it has become an object of considerable international interest, and today it is readily available in digital format. Nonetheless the work has remained something of a closed book, largely owing to the linguistic challenges it poses. The Collectanea addresses a wide range of topics whose technical subject matter ranges well outside the mainstream of historical scholarship: Monte explores topics as diverse as biological heredity, the manufacture of life-preservers, and the best way to execute a long-jump, zeroing in on details as minute as the relative merits of rivets versus leathers in assembling components of armor. The highly specialized – not to say idiosyncratic – vocabulary Monte deploys to cover such wide-ranging topics, combined with the book's multiple linguistic layers, make it a singularly challenging work to interpret.

    Yet the fruits are well worth the labor. The information Monte offers about the vocabulary, construction and use of arms and armor is unique among surviving writings from the period when armor was in use. His material on martial arts overlaps with other writings of the period, but he takes the topic in directions well beyond the scope of comparable treatises. His detailed discussions of the rules and techniques of track-and-field sports are unparallelled until centuries later. And amidst it all, he offers a fascinating glimpse of the personal world of a military professional on the cusp between Middle Ages and Renaissance.

  • Book One

  • from Pietro Monte's Collectanea
  • Translated by Jeffrey L. Forgeng
  • Book:
    Pietro Monte's Collectanea
    Published by:
    Boydell & Brewer
    Published online:
    03 July 2019
    Print publication:
    23 May 2018, pp 33-96

  • Summary

    Chapter 1: Explanation of terms

    So that your lordship may more easily understand what follows, before we come to the exercises, I will explain some terms, some Latin, some vernacular, sometimes both together. In any case I will say much about the Spanish language, since that is the language in which I first wrote this treatise.

    In discussing the skills and tactics of wrestling, people often use words idiosyncratically, and I like others have devised some specialized terms in the vernacular based on how we maneuver our limbs. Likewise in armed play or combat there are many attacks that have no Latin names; therefore I will explain them in terms of their form. Also, we are constantly using diverse new arms of offense and defense: since we name them in the vernacular, it is appropriate for the Latin to imitate the vernacular.

    In various places I will explain selected terms for their better understanding, which I did not generally do in the vernacular version, except to explain how something might be done well or poorly. But I expect that everyone will understand about equestrian vaults, since they are not new, given that I have written about them in The Appraisal of Men. With each vault, or most of them, I said something about how the hand is positioned on the saddle or horse. Gonzalo Ayora, in translating the Appraisal, also offered many explanations, and I agree with them, so you can find explanations of the techniques there.

    I have written more extensively in Latin than in the vernacular version, for two reasons. First, the bodily exercises that call for great physical strength are commonly practiced among those unlearned in letters rather than among scholars; hence I should add explanatory definitions so that scholars may understand more easily. The second reason is because in the vernacular every exercise has established terms, or terms that could be regarded as established and are understood by everyone, but this is not true in Latin.

    When we wrestle, techniques of the feet and arms are called mañas in Spanish.

    We call it a torno when our foot intercepts the opponent's foot from the front, and our arms pull him toward us, so that he falls head-first where we were before. It is called a torno because we do not pull the opponent along a straight line, but twisting or turning.

  • [Book Three:] Pietro Monte's Book on the Military Art

  • from Pietro Monte's Collectanea
  • Translated by Jeffrey L. Forgeng
  • Book:
    Pietro Monte's Collectanea
    Published by:
    Boydell & Brewer
    Published online:
    03 July 2019
    Print publication:
    23 May 2018, pp 197-230

  • Summary

    Prologue

    So far I have written no chapters specifically on the military art – or at least none described as such, although in reality this entire treatise is about the practices of military men, as also where I discussed the complexions of men, and the order appropriate to each based on the nature of his complexion, and how we should conduct ourselves in exercises, and how children should be educated. But since I did not expand much there, here I will briefly explain some matters, and in particular I will explore two topics. The first will be the quality or nature of people who are suited for warfare; the second, what exercises are most suitable for them. All exercises are good if they foster physical robustness and strength, but some are more particularly appropriate for military practice or knighthood, and others less so. But here I will discuss a universal way that any man can apply wherever he will, although someone who knows how to adapt himself to various exercises will be more suited for knighthood, and particularly for command. For with a squire or private footsoldier, it is often enough to know how to fight with just one weapon, and have one kind of saddle or ride one horse, although it is always better to learn many and diverse things.

    Chapter 1: How understanding the principles and features of single combat can teach us what is suitable for small and large armies

    Elsewhere I have shown how we can extrapolate from one practice to the benefit of another, even if they seem disparate, since each embraces some skills that the intellect can exploit in other activities, whether by analogy or by the actual skill itself. There may seem to be a great difference between playing with a long spear and a sword, but if we know how to deliver two thrusts with the sword, one short and high, and the other long with the arm going a little downward, we can deliver a good attack with the long spear in the same manner.

    With other more disparate activities or arts we can at least make analogies between one art and another.

  • Pietro Monte's Collectanea

  • Translated by Jeffrey L. Forgeng
  • Book:
    Pietro Monte's Collectanea
    Published by:
    Boydell & Brewer
    Published online:
    03 July 2019
    Print publication:
    23 May 2018, pp 31-32

  • Summary

    <aa1r>

    Pietro Monte's Collectanea of Exercises and the Military Art, divided into three books

    <aa2r–aa5r: Table of contents, not translated here; aa5v>

    Prologue to Pietro Monte's Books of Exercises and the Military Art, dedicated to Lord Galeazzo Sanseverino

    Having often reflected on the weakness and frailty of human memory, and how whatever we commit to it today, it soon allows to vanish, I decided to write this compendium, so that some part of the activities or exercises that have been practiced among us could be more easily committed to memory.

    This purpose readily accounts for the content and brevity of this text, and why I do not explain every particular in detail. If a person has some familiarity with these matters, it is enough for us to clear him a small path on his route: from there he can easily widen it to cover the entire subject. We should seek this kind of aid to memory from others when we lack it, and where we possess knowledge, we should put it in writing so that it should never be lost to posterity, guarding against the contingencies that often befall. Yet although the benefit may shine upon everyone, it is not distributed in equal measure, for a thing helps us more when we have more need of it.

    We should harmonize physical skills with the intellect, for then we can more easily show the general and specific means that are suitable for men who use their powers of body and intellect. With those who rule or triumph by chance, their rise is usually the prelude to their utter downfall. So to avoid such disgraces, I will write down in a few words some matters that can be extrapolated to teach many exercises, also showing something of the complexions of men.

    I will divide the exercises of this book into two parts.

  • • Book One will be a little more discursive and more general in keeping with that which is dealt with discursively.

  • • Book Two will be compendious, dealing with a great number of individual exercises, and some important topics are addressed toward the end. Yet it lays out in concise fashion the foundations for additional matters.

    • Between these two I will discuss the complexions, and how to conduct things when we are going to engage in some physical contest.

  • Book Two of Pietro Monte's Collectanea

  • from Pietro Monte's Collectanea
  • Translated by Jeffrey L. Forgeng
  • Book:
    Pietro Monte's Collectanea
    Published by:
    Boydell & Brewer
    Published online:
    03 July 2019
    Print publication:
    23 May 2018, pp 97-196

  • Summary

    Prologue

    Up to this point I have offered general principles suitable for exercises, along with a section on the appraisal of complexions, and on the principle of transferring the secrets of one exercise to the improvement and knowledge of others. In this second part I will offer a more concise compilation dealing individually with each weapon along with many other exercises. However, if anyone wants to study this book, he will need at least some foundation in the matters I have discussed more broadly elsewhere, since otherwise it will be quite difficult to understand it, since here everything is in brief.

    Chapter 1: A lesson or manner for governing ourselves

    If we want to excel, it is not sufficient merely to exercise the body without the help of art; hence we should study those things that relate to strengthening or training our bodies. We must first attend to ourselves, after which we can think about helping or harming others. Therefore if we are to do exercises in a proper or unimpeded fashion, our bodies must be unimpeded when they are working.

    Yet as regards training our bodies for the work, I differ from both ancients and moderns. When some people try to achieve an action, they apply themselves with stiff efforts, <c4r> skewing and contorting their entire body. But I maintain that we should fight upright, with lightness and without stiffness. To apply a great force calls for balance, with lightness and fluidity in our feet and hands, otherwise we compromise our powers and agility, without which we can do little. Men who are strong in action always have supple bodies in proportion to their size, able to flex without stiffness. Someone who droops his body, splays his lower legs, and contorts his limbs can be described as monstrous – this is certainly an obvious error, for no man having a normal body can be strong the way these men position themselves in physical exercises. Therefore we should move smoothly and fluidly, gathering our strength in our chest; and neither foot should stray far from the other, so that we can easily move around wherever we wish. Our body should also stay centered over our feet, never leaning.

  • Appendix A - Monte, The Appraisal of Men, Book 5

  • Translated by Jeffrey L. Forgeng
  • Book:
    Pietro Monte's Collectanea
    Published by:
    Boydell & Brewer
    Published online:
    03 July 2019
    Print publication:
    23 May 2018, pp 231-284

  • Summary

    <x2v>

    Gonzalo Ayora of Córdoba's Prologue to Book 5 of the philosopher Pietro Monte's The Appraisal of Men, dedicated to Isabella, most worthy queen of Spain

    Up to this point I have greatly struggled against adverse winds and the weakness of my little skiff in this voyage of translation, but now, having almost completed it, I am further forced to navigate a sluggish sea, and to traverse slow-moving waters. If here I should sail less trim and smoothly, owing to the scope and novelty of the subject matter, it will be up to you, most illustrious Queen, to defend me, twenty-six years old and living far from my native country, more of an impoverished amateur than an author. With heavy spirit, my body worn and weary, contemplating my mean fortune and fearing the uncertain outcome, I am obliged to grind out these books rather than to truly translate them. For in translating these writings I have scarcely spent more time than I would consider necessary just for transcribing them – and pretty swiftly at that. It will be hardly be difficult for you or for learned men to judge whether the scope and difficulty of the subject require more time to be translated properly, let alone elegantly. Nor should you imagine that I am looking for this speed to bring me the kind of glory that has rewarded greater men for their eloquence, but so that I may be more readily indulged, please know that it has been in my mind.

    The philosopher Pietro Monte's Preface to Book 5 of The Appraisal of Men, dedicated to the most illustrious Prince Juan of Spain, translated by Gonzalo Ayora of Córdoba

    In the preceding books I have discussed reasonably worthy material, but in what comes next perhaps some people will fault me, since the remaining subjects seem to be of little spiritual benefit. Yet it is always my intention to provide such benefit, and so I am including some material about exercises through which the bodies that practice them may abstain from vices and avoid improprieties that often lead to sin. I do not claim that to practice throwing, wrestling, or jousting is inherently meritorious; but if we excel in such things, they can help us to avoid the sins that cloud the soul and consume the body, and to eschew the pleasures that engender sin.

Page 1388 of 3693