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Index

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 September 2025

Jane Whittle ,
Mark Hailwood ,
Hannah Robb  and
Taylor Aucoin
Jane Whittle
Affiliation:
University of Exeter
Mark Hailwood
Affiliation:
University of Bristol
Hannah Robb
Affiliation:
Birkbeck, University of London
Taylor Aucoin
Affiliation:
University of Edinburgh

Information

Type
Chapter
Information
The Experience of Work in Early Modern England , pp. 351 - 362
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2025
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BYCreative Common License - NCCreative Common License - ND
This content is Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/cclicenses/

Index

accidental death, 28–29, 33, 44–45, 118, 135, 179, 210, 218, 230, 238–239, 247, 327
accounts, See financial management, wage accounts
adjustment, for under-recording of women, 47–50, 53, 81, 138
age of workers, 10–11, 16, 60–61, 66–73, 75, 77, 187–190, 194, 202, 254, 261
age structure, 68
agricultural work, 32
farm transport, 72, 113, 139, 152, 159, 212–213
fieldwork, 70–73, 86, 93, 95, 139, 148, 151–152, 159, 169, 171, 212–214, 223
gleaning, 140, 214–215, 219, 221, 237, 252
harvest labour, 10, 16, 32–33, 38, 64, 88, 95, 97, 107, 136–137, 139–140, 146, 148, 152, 173, 207, 209, 213, 215, 217, 219–220, 221
haymaking, 9, 64, 84, 139–140, 140, 148, 173, 212, 215, 217, 219, 224, 226, 228–229, 233, 252
hedging, 50, 212, 213, 238, 325
ploughing, 141, 148, 152, 162, 209, 211–212, 217–218, 253
sowing, 129, 141, 152, 216, 218, 220
weeding, 69, 148, 217–219, 221
agriculture, See also livestock
arable, 4, 100, 104, 106, 209, 211–212, 215–221, 224, 233, 316
beans, 210–211, 217–218
convertible, 211
fallow, 211
fruit, 133, 209, 211, 215, 236–238
gardens, 209, 211, 218, 221, 237–238
grain crops, 210, 215–216, 221
manure, 211, 218
orchards, 209, 211, 215, 238
pastoral, 4, 18, 100, 104, 107, 209, 224, 233
peas, 216, 218–219
rapeseed, 210
saffron, 221
turnip, 210
turnips, 100, 221, 238
vegetables, 211, 218, 236, 238
woad, 221
alehouses, 32, 60, 79, 98–99, 113, 124, 127, 169, 193, 195, 197–198, 223, 303–304, 310–311, 314
inns, 98–99, 189, 197–198, 290, 304, 307, 310
animal husbandry, See livestock
apprenticeship, 7, 11, 24, 34, 62, 245–246, 248–257, 260, 274, 280, 283, 316
parish, 11, 246, 251, 253–254
Best, Henry, 95, 229
borrowing goods, 124, 187, 191, 269, 286, 298, 304
Bracton, Henry de, 116
brewing, See food processing
Bristol, 110, 226
building work, 12–13, 72, 122, 140, 159, 245, 247, 249–250, 256–267, 259, 283, 318
masonry, 244, 257
roofing, 86, 113, 159, 257, 259, 262–263
by-employment, 17–19, 84–89, 99, 151, 253, 274
Cambridgeshire, 41, 105, 221, 269
Bassingbourn, 259
Cambridge, 199, 221, 306
Castle Camps, 238
Coveney, 301
Downham, 289
Eltisley, 258
Ely, 197
Fen Ditton, 179
Ickleton, 218
Kirtling, 258
Newton, 150, 269
Parson Drove, 157
Stow cum Quy, 185
Sutton, 258
Whittlesey, 129
Wisbech, 235, 255
Witchford, 280
candles, 132, 169, 182, 190–191, 198, 263
carpentry, See woodworking
Cheshire, 33, 41, 103, 105, 181, 184, 220, 269, 298
Baddiley, 192
Bowdon, 169, 198
Chester, 132
Christleton, 193
Cranage, 113
Great Budworth, 112
Handley, 132, 182
Hatton, 257
Holmes Chapel, 130
Hulme, 144
Kinderton, 130
Knutsford, 202
Leftwich, 269
Lymford, 257
Middlewich, 129–130, 310
Mottram, 193
Northenden, 67
Over, 261
Prestbury, 117
Rostherne, 191
Runcorn, 201
Sandbach, 203
Stockport, 268
Sutton, 204, 254
Weaverham, 275
Wharton, 130
Wilmslow, 235
childbirth, See midwifery
childcare, 34, 70, 103, 145, 177–178, 183–186, 188, 192–194, 199, 203, 319, 321
wet nursing, 193, 203–205
children, 11, 66–69, 72, 118, 125–126, 185, 190, 192, 194, 215, 235, 246, 253, 255, 272, 319
Christmas, See holidays
church courts, 28, 32–33, 37, 40, 43–44, 54, 157, 194, 210, 262, 297
churches, 122, 183, 259, 261–262, 264
church seating, 44–45
cities, See towns
cleaning, 68, 74, 149, 177–178, 189–190, 197–198
clergy, 34, 37, 50, 201, 319
clock-time, 5, 134–135
cloth, 98, 244, 268, 273, 275, 285, 303–304
broadcloth, 105, 270, 275
cotton, 106
kersey, 270, 274, 285
linen, 98–99, 105, 268–269, 275, 293, 301
linens, 162
new draperies, 271, 276
serge, 303
woollen cloth, 268, 273
worsted, 271
cloth industry, See textile production
clothing production, 6, 18, 59, 245, 277–282
mending, 277, 281–282
sewing, 128, 246, 281, 283, 311
tailoring, 7
coin, 285, 289, 295, 300–301, 303–304
cardecus, 98
common land, 110, 160, 190, 233–236, 241, 324–325
common rights, 26, 233
constables, 32, 37, 58, 132, 232
consumer goods, 5, 289, 291, 293, 296, 304–305, 313
cooking, 17, 120, 124–125, 149, 175, 177–178, 191–192, 195–198, 232, 293, 313, 319
baking, 58, 182
Cornwall, 41, 219
Calstock, 105
St Columb, 278
St Germans, 181
coroners’ reports, 21, 28–29, 32, 40, 43–44, 54, 103
court cases, cost of, 26–27
coverture, 14, 77, 297, 300, 322
credit, See debt
crime, 2, 28, 37, 136, 142, 144, 164, 319
assault, 44–45, 201, 232, 325
murder, 44–45
poaching, 239–240
sheep stealing, 32–33, 36, 58, 229
theft, 34, 37–38, 44–45, 48, 52, 111, 122, 128, 132, 136, 144, 191, 205, 210, 229, 232, 237–238, 247, 269, 281, 287, 303
criminogenic contexts, 32–33, 137, 229
Cumberland
Bolton, 261
dairying, See food processing
debt, 24, 37, 75, 113, 275, 285–288, 294–305, 310, 312–314, 318
defamation, 25–26, 28, 32–33, 38, 44–45, 122, 126, 128–129, 180–181, 219, 222, 238, 247, 253, 271, 276, 298, 300, 306, 311
depositions, See witness statements
Devon, 41, 101, 131, 182, 190, 218, 240, 276
Ashburton, 105, 303
Axminster, 220, 239
Barnstaple, 196
Berry Pomeroy, 25, 198
Bishop’s Nympton, 304
Bishopsteignton, 241
Brixham, 60, 198, 238
Broadclyst, 219
Broadwoodwidger, 304
Buckland Filleigh, 181
Chagford, 58
Cockington, 240
Cornwood, 223
Crediton, 48, 58, 76, 201, 269, 274, 281
Cruwys Morchard, 200, 253
Cullompton, 272
Culmstock, 39
East Anstey, 48, 228
Exeter, 36, 58, 110–111, 128, 194, 290
Exmouth, 241
Gidleigh, 235
Gittisham, 194, 253
Holcombe Burnell, 230
Holsworthy, 295, 301, 307
Ipplepen, 128, 274
Kentisbeare, 272
Kenton, 124
Luppitt, 100, 105, 244
Malborough, 241
Mary Tavy, 240
Modbury, 290
Morchard Bishop, 266
Moretonhampstead, 58
Newton Poppleford, 158
North Molton, 272
North Petherwin, 211
North Tawton, 200
Okehampton, 296
Ottery St Mary, 66, 244
Rewe, 218
Sampford Peverell, 198
Sandford, 200
Seaton, 129
Shebbear, 129
Sheepwash, 230
Shute, 218
Sidbury, 160
South Huish, 241
South Molton, 211, 276
St Marychurch, 240
Stockleigh Pomeroy, 281
Stoke Canon, 276
Tavistock, 303
Teignmouth, 241
Tiverton, 39, 272, 276, 279, 291, 296, 310
Tor Mohun, 240
Totnes, 179, 303
Uffculme, 128
Uplowman, 36
Venn Ottery, 124
Washfield, 279
West Alvington, 241
Winkleigh, 264
Wolborough, 123
diet, 9, 105, 143–144, 159, 169, 176, 197, 291, 323, 325, See also cooking, food processing
ale, 193, 215
beer, 99, 125, 158, 183, 198, 223
bread, 18, 58–59, 111, 182, 199, 206, 215–216, 222–223, 289, 293, 304, 307, 319
butter, 205, 228
cheese, 111, 160, 182, 228, 293
fish, 60, 111, 191, 290, 325, See also fishing
mutton, 38, 58, 105, 210, 232
oats, 104, 215
perry, 132
pies, 75, 197, 223
posset, 175
poultry, 191, 211, 291
puddings, 144, 192
turkeys, 144
drunkeness, 130, 183
Durham, County, 41, 105, 131, 220
Chester-le-Street, 296, 300
Durham St Oswald, 202
East Brandon, 100
Hedgefield, 184
Hurworth, 157
education, 177–178, 194, 254, See also apprenticeship
enclosures, 9, 233, 324
Essex, 10, 100, 209
European Marriage Pattern (EMP), See marriage
exchanging goods, 64, 98, 286–289, 294–296, 303, 307, 311, 313
fairs, 98, 111, 118, 122, 135, 142–143, 162, 173, 197, 226, 252, 278, 288, 295, 300–301, 307, 310–314
family, 3, 5–7, 16, 18–19, 23, 48, 64–65, 72, 77, 83–84, 91, 94, 96–97, 119, 122, 127, 146, 171, 173, 176–179, 185, 187, 192–199, 204–206, 208, 213–214, 242, 246, 254, 262–263, 271–272, 274, 276, 280–281, 284, 294, 302–303, 306, 313, 317, 321, 325, See also children, household economy
feltmaking, 277
fieldwork, See agricultural work
financial management, 246, 287–288, 294–301, 305, 308, 310
fishing, 140, 208, 210, 234, 239, 316
freshwater, 239–240
maritime, 207, 234, 240–241, 318
food, See diet
food gathering, 139, 213–214, 234–235, 237–238, 316
food processing, 45–46, 75, 89, 92, 101, 105, 111, 143, 170, 207–208, 210, 242
brewing, 45, 75, 95, 126, 186, 196, 206, 210, 216, 221, 223, 238, 242
butchering, 33, 75, 86, 93, 105, 133, 141, 144, 191, 210, 232–234, 242
dairying, 45, 48, 50, 95, 210, 224, 228, 316
malting, 95, 185, 196, 210, 216, 221, 223
milling, 122, 141, 144, 210, 217, 222
threshing, 31, 45, 93, 94, 97, 141, 148, 151, 212, 217, 221, 318
winnowing, 25, 75, 101, 141, 217, 221
for another, See work: for another
fuel, 113, 141, 177, 181–182, 187, 208, 210, 212–213, 234–239, 319
coal, 100, 169, 305, 311, 325
gender division of labour, 9, 11, 15–16, 22, 24, 31, 46–50, 53, 68–69, 101–103, 146–150, 153, 158–160, 162, 165, 170–172, 191–192, 209–210, 217–224, 226–233, 237–239, 242, 244–245, 257, 269–283, 289–294, 298–308, 311–314, 316–317, 321–322, 328
gentry, 10, 25, 48, 92, 190, 196, 209, 212, 222, 254, 256, 259, 263, 322
Germany, 15, 22, 316
Gross Domestic Product (GDP), 5, 20, 176, 317
guilds, See apprenticeship
Hampshire, 41, 101, 197, 221, 230
Barton Stacey, 261
Basingstoke, 263
Binstead, 180
Bishopstoke, 185
Christchurch, 124
Gosport, 76
Hambledon, 180
Hursley, 252, 255
King’s Somborne, 235
Long Sutton, 272
Newton Valence, 213
Odiham, 200
Romsey, 254
Selborne, 228
St Mary Bourne, 144
Wellow, 125
Wherwell, 211
Whitchurch, 271
Winchester, 32, 197
healthcare, 13, 24, 34, 70, 73, 95, 145, 170, 177–178, 184, 186, 193, 195, 199–201, 206, 317, 321
deathbed, 145, 200
household medicine, 13, 186–187
medical knowledge, 186–187
midwifery, 33, 71, 75, 103, 145, 148, 183–184, 195, 200–203, 206, 317, 321
nursing, 13, 76, 123, 186
hedges, 182, 213, 237–238, 243, 280
Hertfordshire, 41, 234, 242
Cheshunt, 150, 198
Chipping Barnet, 307
Hitchen, 239
North Mimms, 279
Redbourn, 114, 207
Ridge, 273
Sawbridgeworth, 185
St Albans, 252, 262, 281, 311
Waterford, 145
holidays, 5, 133–135, 148, 161–163, 165, 173, 319, 323–324, See also sabbath
Christmas, 143–145, 163, 173, 232, 290
St Monday, 5, 134, 153–156, 173, 323
horses, See livestock, transport
house, domestic, 17, 40, 100, 119–126, 149–150, 179, 305–313
doorway, 25, 30, 34, 128–129, 306–307, 319
openness, 17, 126–128, 131
household economy, 3, 6, 9, 13–15, 17, 19, 58–59, 64, 294–300, 318
male breadwinner, 14
self-sufficient, 14, 325
two-supporter model, 14, 325
household unit, See family
housewifery, 11, 46, 48, 119–120, 177, 186, 222, 243, 253, 269, 293, 298, 313
housework, definition, 17–22, 46, 83, 122, 176–179, 195, 206
hunting, 59, 140, 160, 213, 234, 239–240, 304, 316, 320
illegitimacy, See paternity cases
industrious revolution, 5–6, 18, 134, 156, 164, 172, 323
information status, 22, 38–40, 52–54, 81, 136, 138, 164, 169, 210, 287–288, 322
inns, See alehouses
job title, See occupational descriptors
journeymen, 244, 250–253, 255–256, 274
Keibek, Sebastiaan, 18, 79–81, 86, 88, 97
kitchens, See rooms
kitchenware, 126, 189, 293–294, 303, 313
Kussmaul, Ann, 4, 10, 100–101, 106–108
labour force participation, 6–7, 17, 19, 83, 172, 247, 317
labour laws, 11–12, 140, 247, 250, 316
Statute of Artificers 1563, 12, 245, 248, 250, 253
lace, 100, 105, 244, 246, 277, 280–282, 293
Lancashire, 41, 99, 101, 105, 182, 234, 269
Atherton, 158
Burtonwood, 265
Bury, 235
Childwall, 186
Colne, 98
Downham, 295
Garstang, 272
Halsall, 226
Hawkshead, 295
Hopwood, 274
Lancaster, 204
Leigh, 232, 315
Leyland, 198
Manchester, 106, 196, 269
Melling, 268
Myerscough, 204
Prescot, 185, 201, 265
Preston, 98, 110, 162, 301
Ribchester, 98, 110
Rochdale, 273, 289
Salford, 106
Standish, 227
Thornton, 144
Tyldesley, 125
Ulverston, 230
West Derby, 84
Westhoughton, 259
Whalley, 194
Wigan, 193, 315
Winwick, 197, 283
laundry, 46, 59, 74, 95, 110, 122, 148–149, 159, 176–177, 179–182, 189–190, 195–196
Leicestershire
Great Bowden, 189
leisure time, 6, 47, 170, 172, 174, 323, See also holidays, sabbath
Lincolnshire, 41, 101, 234, 239, 277
Boston, 235
Covenham, 275
Keelby, 275
New Sleaford, 263
Sibsey, 235, 271
Spalding, 257
Spilsby, 92
Willoughby with Sloothby, 191
livestock, 9, 18, 68, 94, 104, 115, 141, 143, 150, 159, 210, 212, 232, 234–235, 241, 253, 291, 296, 301, 303, 312–314, 316, 323
cattle, 105, 141, 159, 210–211, 215, 223, 226–229, 233, 235
dairy cows, 2, 36, 38, 45, 69, 74, 95, 97, 110, 118, 129, 141, 152, 159, 169, 194, 206, 211–212, 214–215, 223–224, 226–228, 233, 242–243, 253, 316
horses, 105, 114, 132, 170, 190, 211, 216, 228–229, 232, 235, 304
pigs, 68, 132, 211, 230–233, 235, 238, 287, 294–295
poultry, 66, 68–69, 98, 105, 209, 211, 224, 229–233, 235, 242, 291, 315
rabbits, 228, 239, 304, 325
sheep, 68, 75, 84, 105, 107, 113, 157, 169, 210–211, 215, 223, 226, 228–230, 233, 235, 270, 291, 300
milking, 229
shearing, 64, 75, 101, 135, 141, 148, 215, 226, 230
washing, 74, 141, 215, 226, 230
Loder, Robert, 95
London, 5, 11–12, 21, 90, 110, 118, 134, 144, 154, 156, 164, 202–203, 246, 254, 256, 259, 263–264, 283, 288, 295, 310, 312, 323, 325
marital status, 60–62, 73–77, 187–188, 214–215, 317
married women, 3, 15–16, 24, 48, 59, 63, 74–75, 77, 90–92, 96–97, 158, 176–178, 190, 192–193, 197, 204, 206, 209, 214–215, 230, 242, 272, 279, 281, 286, 290, 297, 300, 302–303, 305, 313, 317, 322
never-married women, 15, 62, 74–77, 94, 97, 112, 187, 202, 204, 272, 290, 302, 305, 314
unmarried women, 23, 63, 73, 75, 103, 112, 184, 206, 209, 214–215, 227, 317
widows, 15, 61, 71, 73–75, 77, 97, 194, 202, 204, 214, 242, 272, 281, 290, 297, 302, 305, 314, 319
maritime work, 59, See also fishing: maritime
market, 1, 8, 17, 24, 31, 92, 108, 126, 132, 135, 143–144, 150–151, 153–154, 173, 273, 285, 288–290, 304–305, 308, 310–312, 314, 324
travelling to, 1–2, 18, 30, 35, 99, 111, 114–117, 122, 133, 141, 169, 226, 235, 287, 291, 306, 313
market stalls, 92, 111, 128, 144, 162, 197, 252, 281, 287, 289, 307–308, 310–313
Markham, Gervase, 17, 119, 221–222, 269, 273
marriage, 11, 15, 61, 69, 74, 77, 177–178, 187, 197, 314, 322, See also marital status, matrimonial cases
adultery, 44–45, 227
arranging, 1–2, 37, 125, 185
dowry, 1, 190
European Marriage Pattern, 10, 15, 209
seasonality, 4, 100, 106, 134–135
matrimonial cases, 2, 33, 37, 44–45
medical care, See healthcare
metalworking, 15, 245–247, 260, 266–267, 283, 305, 324
midwifery, See healthcare
milking, See livestock: dairy cows
mills, 105, 110, 122, 222, 276, 310, 325
mining, 245, 247
coal, 105–106, 131
tin, 105
multiplier, See adjustment, for under-recording of women
Newfoundland, 240, 242
Norfolk, 8, 10, 41, 101, 105, 117, 170, 181, 190, 204, 209, 220, 228, 234, 269, 277, 295
Aylsham, 264, 266
Bale, 126, 205
Bramerton, 261
Cranworth, 179
East Bradenham, 281
East Dereham, 259
Fakenham, 180, 252
Fincham, 256
Foulsham, 265
Great Yarmouth, 241
Griston, 226
Happisburgh, 125
Heacham, 159–160
Hillington, 200, 269, 281
Horning, 100
Kettlestone, 271
King’s Lynn, 111, 141
Little Fransham, 235
Little Walsingham, 196
Middleton, 254
Mundford, 301
Neatishead, 129
Norwich, 110, 129, 185, 266, 281, 285, 290
Overstrand, 86
Oxborough, 162, 254
Pullen St Mary, 285, 301
Salthouse, 239
Saxthorpe, 201
Scoulton, 259
Setchey, 141
Shingham, 125
Shipdham, 185
Southrepps, 86, 264, 266
Stanhoe, 259, 264
Stibbard, 201
Stiffkey, 229
Stoke Ferry, 256
Stokesby, 140
Terrington, 126, 190, 265
Thorpland, 279
Tilney, 265
Tilney cum Ilsington, 232
Topcroft, 162
Walsoken, 266
Wighton, 256
Worstead, 211, 276
Northamptonshire, 41, 189, 234
Astell Park, 240
Greens Norton, 278
Wellingborough, 252
Whittlewood Forest, 240
Northumberland
Newcastle upon Tyne, 110, 117, 129, 228, 301, 305
Wallsend, 187
Nottinghamshire
Ordsall, 261
occupation, See also occupational descriptors, servants
agricola, 111, 213
alehouse-keeper, 79, 98, 106, 130
alewife, 304, 314
apothecary, 200
baker, 18, 79, 86, 92, 182, 202, 223, 242, 307
ballad-maker, 281
bellfounder, 249
blacksmith, 15, 62, 92, 130, 244, 246, 249, 252, 254–255, 305, 308, 324
bookseller, 79
brasier, 249
brewer, 223, 242
bricklayer, 84, 202, 249, 258, 261, 264
building worker, 7, 12–13, 110, 237, 258, 266–267
butcher, 32, 86, 92, 125, 132, 141, 144, 170, 202, 232, 235, 264, 284, 312
button-maker, 249
cardmaker, 249
carpenter, 62, 84, 87, 159, 244, 248, 249, 252, 257–258, 260–264, 266
carrier, 78, 310
carter, 78
chandler, 79
chapman, 98, 106, 254
clerk, 202, 272, 319
clothier, 114, 244, 249, 271–272, 274–276
clothmaker, 249
cobbler, See occupation: shoemaker
cook, 79
cooper, 249
cordwainer, 48, 249, 278, 281, See also occupation: shoemaker
currier, 249, 277
cutler, 128, 249
dauber, 249, 258, 261
draper, 202, 249
drover, 78
dyer, 249, 255, 275
farmer, 6, 18, 213, 251
farrier, 249
fellmonger, 249, 277
feltmaker, 249
fisherman, 78
flax-dresser, 189, 249
fringe-maker, 249
fuller, 32, 249, 258, 276
furbisher, 249
gardener, 78, 279
glazier, 202, 249, 259, 264, 266
glover, 162, 249, 278–279
goldsmith, 111, 249, 249
hatter, 249
hellier, See roofer
hosier, 79, 249
housekeeper, 79, 294
husbandman, 1, 58–59, 62–63, 79, 90, 93, 96, 120, 130, 202, 207, 221, 235, 252, 253, 261, 263, 269, 273, 276, 279
inn-holder, 202
iron monger, 249
joiner, 249, 260–261, 266
labourer, 3, 6–10, 12–13, 18, 23, 31, 60, 62–63, 79–80, 89–93, 96–97, 119, 125, 151, 155, 159–160, 171, 207–208, 213–215, 241, 250, 256–259, 261, 264, 278, 281–282, 284, 317–318, 322–323
linen-weaver, 268–269
locksmith, 249, 251
mariner, 241, 319
mason, 159, 249, 257, 259, 261, 263–264
midwife, 13, 33, 67, 79, 175–176, 183–184, 200–203
miller, 1, 144, 170, 222, 248, 256
millwright, 249
nailor, 249
nurse, 13, 76
ostler, 78
peddler, 79
pewterer, 249
physician, 13, 86, 186, 200
pinmaker, 249
ploughman, 78
ploughwright, 249, 260
plumber, 86, 249, 252, 259, 264, 266
roofer, 86, 159, 244, 249, 254, 257, 259, 261, 263
roper, 249
saddler, 249, 278
sailor, 78, 111
sawyer, 122, 249, 260
seamstress, 79, 281–282, 311
shearman, 78, 275
sheet-maker, 249
shepherd, 78, 287, 295
shipwright, 249
shoemaker, 12, 62, 87–88, 129, 157, 244, 249, 254, 277–279, 282, 308, 322
skinner, 249, 277
slater, See occupation: roofer
smallholder, 8, 208
smith, See occupation: blacksmith, goldsmith, locksmith, whitesmith
spinster, 14, 61, 76, 193, 205, 214, 269, 272, 275, 281, 302
stockinger, 79, 249
tailor, 1–2, 64, 87–88, 110, 124, 129, 215, 244, 249, 279, 282, 285
tanner, 249, 252, 277
thatcher, See occupation: roofer
tiler, See occupation: roofer
tinker, 249, 303–304
tinner, 249
tucker, See occupation: fuller
turner, 249
victualler, 78
waller, 249
weaver, 18, 87–88, 128, 160, 202, 244, 249, 249, 261, 273–276, 283, 322, 325
wheelwright, 249
whitesmith, 249
wool-comber, 170, 249, 259, 284
yeoman, 1, 48, 62, 88, 90, 92, 97, 125, 127, 169, 204, 212–213, 242, 252, 261, 322
occupational change, 18, 54–57, 78, 322–323
occupational descriptors, 14, 19, 27, 59–63, 77–97, 200, 208, 212, 246, 248–251, 258, 268, 274, 277, 284, 322
occupational specialisation, 11, 24, 62, 86, 89, 96, 99, 245, 248–250, 253, 257–258, 260–261, 267, 273, 276–277, 280, 283–284, 316, 318, 324–325
occupational structure, 4, 6, 18, 57, 79, 81, 83, See also occupational change, occupational descriptors
office-holding, 37, 319
paternity cases, 33, 44–45, 202
pawning, 286–289, 296–297, 302–305, 310, 313–314, 321
peasant societies, modern, 14, 20
poor relief, 9, 253
population change, 4–6, 8, 110
privacy, 17, 33, 127, 176–177, 179, 206, 311,
probate inventories, 9, 13, 18, 75, 79, 88, 92, 97, 104, 120, 123, 128, 208, 242, 247, 289
productivity of labour, 4–6
professions, 86, 95, 283, 322
proletarianisation, See wage labour
public spaces, 33, 99, 126–130, 159, 180, 306–311
quarter session examinations, See witness statements
quarter sessions courts, 27–28, 32, 40, 43–44, 54, 103, 137–138
regional specialisation, 4, 18, 99–108, 117, 130–131, 269, 276, 318
Reid, Margaret, 3, 20, 36, 320
repertoires, See work repertoires
roads, 24, 113, 128–130, 180, 237, 258, 264, 306–307, 310–314
rooms, 120, 122–126
sabbath, 5, 12, 26, 44, 153–154, 156–163, 165, 173–174, 275, 282, 323
sampling, 40–45, 54, 138, 334
seasonality, See working year
second-hand goods, 15, 181, 280–281, 293, 302, 304, 307, 313
self-sufficiency, See household economy
servants, 8–12, 17–19, 31, 35, 40, 62–63, 65–66, 75–76, 79–80, 89, 94–95, 97, 111, 121–122, 127, 151–152, 157–158, 161, 170, 174–175, 178, 183, 189, 193, 195, 203, 213, 215, 222, 227, 251, 255, 257, 272, 295, 318, 323
female, 11, 14, 59, 75, 79, 97, 110–111, 124, 126, 128, 144–145, 148, 162, 169, 176, 190, 196, 198, 204–205, 209, 214, 216, 221, 243
male, 5, 59, 63, 68, 119, 125, 132, 213, 242, 274, 322
settlement examinations, 9
sex work, 320
shops, 32, 99, 111, 121, 127–128, 260, 266, 288–289, 306–307, 310–312, See also workshops
skill, 6, 12, 19, 24, 71–73, 177, 188, 201, 203, 246, 248, 250, 253, 255, 263, 282, 297, 324
Smith, Adam, 4, 324
social reproduction, 19, 177
Somerset, 41, 101, 125, 182, 190, 218, 230, 234, 238, 251
Bath, 1–2
Bathwick, 64
Beckington, 275
Bradford on Tone, 186, 237
Brean, 218, 226
Bridgwater, 118
Brockley, 282
Burnham, 228
Camerton, 64, 228
Chedzoy, 258
Chelvey, 145
Chewton Mendip, 126, 303
Chilton Cantelo, 118
Cloford, 215
Congresbury, 204
Crewkerne, 197
Crowcombe, 67
Ditcheat, 32
East Brent, 31
East Harptree, 273
Farleigh Hungerford, 1, 129, 271
Fiddington, 303
Freshford, 203
Frome, 114, 275
Glastonbury, 32, 124, 254
Great Elm, 123
Haydon, 274
Huntspill, 185
Ilchester, 183, 262
Ilminster, 303
Isle Brewers, 259
Keynsham, 185
Kingsdon, 105, 255
Leigh upon Mendip, 278
Limington, 183
Lydeard, 300
Martock, 272
Merriott, 193, 237
Midsomer Norton, 221
Minehead, 307
Monksilver, 257
Moorlinch, 197, 222
Muchelney, 202, 237
North Curry, 169, 197, 204
Oakhill, 275
Otterhampton, 232
Pawlett, 227
Priddy, 228
Priston, 184, 203
Puckington, 255
Sanford, 228
South Stoke, 1, 279
Spaxton, 226
Stoford, 129
Stogursey, 215, 228
Taunton, 252, 281
Trull, 105
Upton Noble, 67
Watchet, 186
Wellow, 1, 64, 279
Wells, 114, 157, 275
Wembdon, 226
West Coker, 216, 221
West Cranmore, 84
West Pennard, 226
Westonzoyland, 211, 217
Williton, 160
Winsham, 202
Wrington, 125
Yeovil, 128, 201, 291, 310
spatial location of work, 17, 40, 98–99, 119–131, 149, 184, 265, 268, 277, 305–313, See also privacy
spinning, See textile production
St Monday, See holidays
stocking knitting, 246, 277, 281
streets, See roads
Suffolk
Bungay, 310
Bury St Edmunds, 196
Sunday, See sabbath
Surrey
Guildford, 197
Sweden, 15–16, 22, 61, 74, 177, 192
tanning, 277
technological change, 5, 15
testamentary cases, 28, 33, 37, 44–45, 194, 200, 297
textile production, 6, 18
bleaching, 268, 275
dyeing, 270, 276–277
flax, 99, 181, 189, 269
fulling, 105, 122, 270, 273, 276–277
hemp, 105, 150, 269
linen production, 105, 269
preparatory tasks, 71, 129, 270–272, 275, 277
shearing, 64, 101, 141, 215, 270
spinning, 6–7, 9, 25, 34, 71, 75, 99, 124, 128, 149, 196, 246–248, 269–271, 273–274, 277, 281–282, 304, 319
weaving, 7
wool, 9–10, 59, 124, 270–273, 291
woollen cloth, 268–269
theft, See crime
third-party criterion, 20, 31, 36, 39, 47
Thompson, E. P., 5, 134, 164, 324
threshing, See food processing
thrift, 14, 243, 298
Tilney, Edmund, 119
time-use studies, 3, 20–21, 33, 47, 51
tithes, 32–33, 36–38, 44–45, 64, 124, 207, 210, 241
tobacco, 50, 128, 301
tools
rollers, 218
sickles and scythes, 10, 209, 219–221, 228, 242
towns, 131, 155, 267, 277, 279
large towns, 4, 43, 76, 99, 108–111, 246, 250, 289
market towns, 43, 99, 108–111, 154, 265, 277, 289
sex ratio, 112
tradesmen, 88, 151, 155, 170, 251, 264, 266, 283
transport
boats, 115, 240–241
carry goods, 68, 75, 82, 86, 91, 112–116, 118, 144, 169–170, 222, 295, 316, 318
carting, 32, 46, 68, 72, 82, 103, 114–116, 119, 129, 140, 151, 159, 162, 211, 229, 252, 307
distance travelled, 13, 46, 98, 114, 116–118, 131, 183–184, 226, 254, 265–267, 295, 318
droving, 75, 82, 114–116, 118, 141, 226, 300, 312–313
horses, 1, 86, 114–117, 119, 129, 140, 170, 183
loading, 132, 207, 211, 229, 252, 318
walking, 1, 112, 116, 182
Tusser, Thomas, 162, 177, 208
unmarried women, See marital status
unpaid work, 2–3, 6, 11, 13–14, 17, 19–20, 47, 65, 82–83, 119, 165, 176–179, 206, 242, 246, 317, 320
urban population, 4
urbanisation, 4, 99, 320
verb-oriented approach, 19, 22, 26, 35, 39
wage accounts, 3, 9, 12, 26, 92, 134–135, 157, 203, 208, 229, 242, 246, 250
wage labour, 7–11, 63, 65–66, 195, 318, See also occupations, servants, work for another
proletarianisation, 4, 6, 79, 320, 323
ratio servants to labourers, 8, 63, 80
women’s, 6–10, 13
wage series, 5, 7–8, 12, 134, 156, 256, 323
water collection, 32, 68, 70, 74, 118
wetnursing, See childcare
widows, See marital status
Wiltshire, 41, 101, 175, 196, 230, 234, 237–238
Amesbury, 196
Ashton Keynes, 175, 257
Bishops Cannings, 198
Bishopstone, 169
Bratton, 263
Brinkworth, 181, 271
Brooke by Westbury, 175
Chittern, 175
Collingbourne Ducis, 237
Compton Chamberlayne, 282
Devizes, 182–183
Downton, 264
East Knoyle, 84
Erlestoke, 181
Great Wishford, 129
Knook, 191
Leigh, 175
Marlborough, 186
Milborne, 263
Pewsey, 211
Poole Keynes, 160
Poulshot, 258
Salisbury, 27, 110, 129, 175, 310
Seend, 274
Semley, 122, 125
Sherston Magna, 232
Somerford Magna, 263
Studley, 244
Trowbridge, 244, 274
Warminster, 248
West Lavington, 159
Westbury, 128
Winterbourne Monkton, 203
winnowing, See food processing
witchcraft, 44–45, 129
witness statements, 2, 5, 21–22, 25–26, 28–37, 40, 42–43, 47–49, 60, 75, 98, 100, 122, 130, 132, 134–135, 137, 144, 154, 169–170, 208–209, 247, 286, 289, 315, 334
accuracy of, 27–28, 30–34
wives, See marital status
wood husbandry, 141, 148, 151, 212–213, 215, 234, 237, 239, 316
woodworking, 84, 246, 257, 260, 262–263, 266–267
work
for another, 40, 61–77, 83, 95, 97, 146, 151, 157–158, 171, 195, 198–200, 262, 271, 295, 317, 320–322, 325
definition of, 19–20
low-status, 6, 119, 190, 282
work repertoires, 50–57, 68–72, 74–75, 77, 84–95, 104, 115, 158–159, 161–162, 187, 213, 242, 251–253, 317
working day, 5, 17, 21, 116, 134–135, 164–168, 170, 172, 174, 323
working week, 5, 12, 134, 152–163
working year, 4–5, 21, 100, 134, 138, 147, 161, 173–174, 322–323
workshops, 2, 127–128, 170, 274, 278, 307, 323, 325
work-task approach, 4, 19–22, 25–26, 28, 35, 54, 63, 78, 83, 104, 127, 130, 133, 136, 157, 165, 172, 174, 184, 239, 247–248, 250, 270, 286, 297, 313, 316–317, 320, 322
York, 110, 118, 264
Yorkshire, 41, 101, 220, 230, 234, 258, 269–270, 276
Yorkshire, East Riding
Kirkheaton, 183
Norton, 264
Settrington, 295
Wressle, 179
Yorkshire, North Riding, 41, 105
Hunton, 262
Kirby Hill, 282
Kirby Knowle, 192
Malton, 125
Masham, 273
Northallerton, 295
Patrick Brompton, 185
Ryther, 186
Sacrborough, 241
Sandhutton, 280
Tadcaster, 183, 294
Thirsk, 118, 268
Yorkshire, West Riding, 41, 105
Barwick in Elmet, 105
Bradford, 106, 244, 264
Ecclesfield, 282
Halifax, 295
Hatfield, 123
Idle, 162, 274
Keighley, 205
Leeds, 106, 128, 235, 307
Mitton, 180
Rotherham, 244
Sandal Magna, 106
Sheffield, 118
South Kirkby, 123
Steeton, 258
Tickhill, 221
Wakefield, 205, 275
Wath upon Dearne, 106
Whitkirk, 105

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  • Index
  • Jane Whittle, University of Exeter, Mark Hailwood, University of Bristol, Hannah Robb, Birkbeck, University of London, Taylor Aucoin, University of Edinburgh
  • Book: The Experience of Work in Early Modern England
  • Online publication: 19 September 2025
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009019743.017
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  • Index
  • Jane Whittle, University of Exeter, Mark Hailwood, University of Bristol, Hannah Robb, Birkbeck, University of London, Taylor Aucoin, University of Edinburgh
  • Book: The Experience of Work in Early Modern England
  • Online publication: 19 September 2025
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009019743.017
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  • Index
  • Jane Whittle, University of Exeter, Mark Hailwood, University of Bristol, Hannah Robb, Birkbeck, University of London, Taylor Aucoin, University of Edinburgh
  • Book: The Experience of Work in Early Modern England
  • Online publication: 19 September 2025
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009019743.017
Available formats
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