Index
Note that page numbers in bold represent tables, while those in italics represent figures.
Acción de cumplimiento (Colombia), 219
Addis Ababa Agenda for Action (2015), 56
Aggregate Measurement of Support (AMS),
agribusiness (Brazil),
agricultural policies, , 158
Albania, 60
amber box measures: definition, 141
American Popular Revolution Party (APRA), 248
Andean Community, , 225
Andean Community-Mercosur Framework Agreement (2005, 2006), 92
Andean Pact, 154
anti-dumping, 80,
Antigua and Barbuda, 13
APROSOJAs (Brazilian associations of soy producers),
Armenia-EU Enhanced Partnership Agreement (2021), 60
ASEAN-South Korea PTA (2006), 61
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
Roadmap on Women and Inclusive Growth, 157
Santiago meeting (2004), 156
association agreements (AAs), 60
Australia-Japan PTA (2014), 112
Australia-New Zealand Closer Economic Agreement, 61
autoregressive model, 194
Bali Ministerial Conference (G33), 145
basic needs theory, 180
Bear Creek (mining company), 246
best practice, , 67
Biden, J., 286
blue box measures: definition, 140
Bolsonaro, E., 291
Brazil, 4, 12, 19, 27, , 63, 80, 92, 153, 194, 222, 226, 229, 232, 243
anti-China sentiment (politics of agribusiness),
CFIAs, , 251
Chinese FDI, 285
economic and trade characteristics (2008-2018), 267
export and import shocks (calculation), 295,
export and import shocks (scatter plot), 292
export destinations (2008-2018), 279
exports (intermediate, consumer, capital goods, 2000-2018), 279
FDI inflows, 250
main exports, 266
Mercosur, ,
protectionism,
protectionist responses toward RoW, 282
survey sample composition by municipality, 307
top trade partners, 284
women’s participation rate in workforce, 186
Brazil: Congress, 278
Brazil: Ministry of Agriculture, 301
Brazil: National Confederation of Agriculture (CNA), 299
Brazil: National Development Bank (BNDES), 280
Brazil: National Industry Confederation (CNI), 299
Brazil-China trade,
conclusion,
future research, 302
probability of seeing China as risk (marginal effects), 299
Brazilian Association of Animal Protein (ABPA), 302
Brazilian Association of Vegetable Oil Industries (ABIOVE), 302
Brussels Effect, 94
Buenos Aires Declaration (2017), 182
Bush, G. W., 259
Calvo Doctrine, 250
Canada-Chile Free Trade Agreement (CCFTA, effective since 1997), 155, 184, 237
cooperation activities, 67
implementation, 71
Canada-Chile ISDS (in context of CPTPP), 241
Canada-Ecuador BIT (1996), 240
Canada-Mercosur negotiations, 73
capitalism, 41
Central America-EFTA PTA (2013), 112
childcare, 61
Chile, 4, 6, 11, , 27, 29, , , 63, 68, 72, 80, 89, 107, 118, 209, 222, 225, 232, 235, 237, 243, , ,
CPTPP, 98
general election (2021), 150
international reinsertion (post-Pinochet), 154
workforce participation (gender gaps, 1990-2021), 199
workforce participation (men versus women, 186
Chile: Constitutional Convention (2021), 165
Chile: Metropolitan Region,
Chile: National Agricultural Society (SNA), 155
Chile: Public Studies Centre (CEP),
Chile: Undersecretariat for International Economic Relations (SUBREI), 157
Chilean Consensus, 247
Chile-China PTA (2005), , 99, 112, 156
characteristics, 88
extended Protocol (2019), 91
S&DT clauses, , 90
supplementary agreement on trade in services (2010), 91
Chile-Colombia PTA (2009), 156
Chile-EU Advanced Framework Agreement (2023), 241
Chile-Hong Kong PTA (2014), 156
Chile-Malaysia PTA (2012), 156
Chile-NZ agreement (2023), 157
Chile-Panama PTA (2008), 156
Chile-Peru PTA (2009), 156
Chile-South Korea BIT (1997), 236
Chile-South Korea PTA (2003), 61, 63, 68, 112, 114, 156
environmental measures, 237
investment chapter replaced 1997 BIT, 236
Chile-Turkey PTA (2009), 112
China-Colombia BIT (2008), 249
Clinton, W.J., 155
Codex Alimentarius Regulations, 227
Colombia, 4, 11, , 31, 42, 49, 63, , 107, 187, 209, , 232, 235, 237, 243, , 251, 265, 267, 269
budget, 142
first ISDS case (2016), 244
food labelling (consolidation of octagonal warning signs), 229
food labelling law, , , 229
model IIA, 249
right to food and trade law policies,
Colombia Peace Agreement (2016), 4, 6, 139
conclusions,
food security (impact of trade law),
national plans related to food policies, 137
obligation to notify domestic support measures,
right to food measures related to trade,
scope,
SGPDA,
SGPDA (implemented measures),
Colombia: Congress, 219
Colombia: Constitutional Court, 249
Colombia: Council of State, 219
Colombia: Ejército de Liberación Nacional (ELN, National Liberation Army), 249
Colombia: Environmental Zoning Plan, 144
Colombia: Ministry of Agriculture, 137
Colombia: Ministry of Health, , 226
Colombia: Ministry of Trade, 245
Colombia: National Agency for State’s Legal Defence, 246
Colombia: National Plan for Promotion of Commercialisation, 144
Colombia: National Plan for Promotion of Solidarity Economy, 144
Colombia: Peasant, Family, and Community Economy (ECFC), 144
Colombia-EFTA PTA (2008), 114
Colombian Association of Nutrition Faculties, 135
Colombia-Venezuela BIT (2023), 249
committees, 66,
Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), 62
Comprehensive and Progressive Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP, 2018), 1, 12, 60, , 99, , 160, 239, 241, 247
characteristics, 88
S&DT clauses, 90,
women and economic growth, 67
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), 92
corporate social responsibility (CSR),
Costa Rica-Peru PTA (2011), 110
critical nutrients, 217, 219, 225
Chilean thresholds, 212
comparison between Pacific Alliance member-states, 221
Mexico, 215
Peru, 214
cross-border paperless trade, 103
culture,
customs valuation,
Declaration on Promotion of Trade in Least Developed Countries (1961), 81
developing countries, 2, , 85, 89, 100, 139, 141, 145, 153, 179, 258, 300
special and differential treatment in nutshell,
digital and environmental provisions, 6, ,
effects on trade values and composition,
Latin America,
PTAs,
Digital Economy Partnership Agreement (DEPA, 2020), 157
Doha Round,
domestic support measures: WTO definition, 140
Dominica, 13
double hatting: definition, 234
ecofeminism theory, 180
Economic Commission for Latin America and Caribbean (ECLAC), 156
Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Revised Treaty (1993), 62
economic partnership agreements (EPAs), 60
Ecuador-Chile PTA (2022), 157
Ecuador-US BIT (1993), 240
emulation mechanism (international-policy diffusion), 222
EnCana, 240
Environmental Goods Agreement (EGA, 2014), 106
environmental measures, 113,
environmental sustainability: link with digitalisation,
Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), 57
European Community, 82
European Economic Area (1992), 105
European Green Deal, 128
European Union, , 12, 23, 26, , , , 53, 58, 73, 106, 118, 151, 153, 157, , 227, 247, 255,
gender mainstreaming, 60
European Union Generalised Scheme of Preferences Plus (GSP+), 96
European Union-Georgia Association Agreement (2014), 61
European Union-Mercosur PTA, , , 99, 256
‘asymmetries easily noticeable’, 94
characteristics, 88
negotiations, 270
S&DT clauses, 90,
European Union-Mexico FTA (EUMFTA, 1997),
characteristics, 88
entry into force (2000), 97
S&DT clauses, 90,
social clauses, 98
European Union-Southern Africa Agreement on Trade Development and Cooperation (2016), 62
European Union-Vietnam PTA (2019), 112
European University Institute, 2
export of services: increased participation of women in workforce, 193
factor-endowment model, 152,
feminism, 180
food crisis, 131
food labelling, 7
Chile, 210
Colombia,
conclusions,
Mexico,
octagonal STOP sign, ,
octagonal STOP sign (smaller packages, Mexico), 216
Pacific Alliance,
Peru, , 216
positive label (Colombia), 219
warning label (in Colombia under Decree 2492 of 2022), 220
forum-shopping: definition, 234
France, 227
Free Trade Area of Americas (FTAA), 12
free-market economics, 41,
Fujimori, A., 248
Fujishock, 248
G-20 Meeting (2003), 93
García, A., 248
gender, 3, 6, 33, 44, 45, 50, 132, 136, 152, 157, 165, 173,
Chile,
importance of PTAs, 169
perceptions, 169
trade,
trade in services,
gender-mainstreaming, ,
conclusions,
countries included, 64
enforcement, 72
implementation-focused approach,
language and location,
list of trade agreements, 76
market-oriented focus areas,
‘other international instruments’, 78
regional trends, 59
South American approach,
spirit of cooperation,
stand-alone chapters, 5,
trade agreements (regional comparison),
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT, 1947), , 82, 86, 88, 92, 154,
contracting parties, 81
incorporation into WTO (1995), 258
Part IV, 81
geographical indications, 87
Germany, 153
Glencore, 246
Global Leader Ideology, 22
Global Trade and Gender Arrangement (2020), 71
global value chains (GVCs), , , , 282
Argentina versus Brazil, 281
definition (World Bank), 273
participation index (2015), 272
Great Wall Motor Company, 285
Grenada, 13
Group of 20 (G-20) developing countries, 259
Guatemala, 222
Guatemala-Peru FTA (2011), 110
Guatemala-Taiwan PTA (2005), 112
Guedes, P., 290
Haberler Report (1958), 81
harmonised system (HS), 118
environmental and ICT product categories, 120
heterogeneity by income levels of partners, 123
selected sections (impact), 121
health objectives, , 224
high-income countries, 118
Honduras-Peru PTA (2015), 244
Huawei, 290
Humala, O., 248
human capability theory, 180
illicit crops, 139
Inclusive Trade Action Group (ITAG), 157
Informal Group of Developing Countries, 82
Information Technology Agreement (ITA, 1996), 105
Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), 158
International Bar Association (IBA), 280
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 68
international investment agreements (IIAs), , , 249, 251
Brazil, 240
paradigmatic reforms, 241
reform, 250
signed by South American countries (1990-2022), 233
international trade agreements: development dimension,
Intersectoral Commission on Food and Nutritional Security, 135
intra-Latin America PTAs,
investment protection reform
conclusion,
drivers,
political economy,
jaccard scores, 27
Jamaica, 229
Japan-Peru PTA (2011), 112
Joint Initiative on E-Commerce (2019), 105
Jordan-United States PTA (2000), 105
land, , 146
Latin America
citizens (mean preferences for trade partners), 43
climate policies by policy area (2000-2021), 108
Colombia case study (impact of trade law on food security),
digital and environmental policies,
digital and environmental provisions, 112
digital and environmental trade governance,
exports and imports (1960-2019), 265
mapping PTA universe, ,
octagonal warning labels (processed foods),
political and economic characteristics, 15
PTA design, 19
PTA models, 30
tariff rates (weighted mean), 264
trade (political economy, 2009–2018),
trade characteristics (2019), 266
women’s participation in workforce (1990-2021), 187
Latin American Integration Association (LAIA/ALADI), 92,
Latin American PTAs,
digital and environmental provisions (effects on trade values and composition),
digital and environmental provisions, 111
heterogeneity by income levels of partners, 119
heterogeneity in marginal impact of provisions and partners, 117
rule-makers versus rule-takers,
S&DT clauses,
specific provisions on traded values, 115
learning mechanism (international-policy diffusion), 222
Maduro regime, 249
Maggi, B., 301
mercantilism,
Mercosur, 4, 8, 12, , , , 158, 165, 235, 237, 256, 276, 285
Brazil,
Brazilian protectionism, 281
common external tariff (CET), , 281
establishment (1991), 277
GVC participation (Argentina versus Brazil), 281
‘imperfect customs union’, 268,
population and GDP, 268
PTAs, 269
Mercosur: Common Market Council (CMC), 269
Mercosur: Decision 32/00 (2000), 269
Mercosur: Re-Launching Agenda (2000), 269
Mercosur, 30
Mexico, 2, 7, 19, 27, , 49, 63, 89, , 107, 155, 157, 187, 209, , 225, 258
bilateralism and protectionism,
capital, consumption, intermediate goods (destinations, 2008-2018), 273
capital, consumption, intermediate goods (exports, 2000-2018), 272
CPTPP, 98
domestic reforms (foot-dragging), 271
economic and trade characteristics (2008-2018), 267
exports (share impacted by GVC ties), 275
food labelling (new signs), 217
main exports, 266
protectionism against (by close and non-close trading partners), 274
protectionism and integration,
protectionism by, 275
protectionist interventions (non-transparent), 276
PTAs,
relocation of Chinese manufacturers, 286
sectors most affected by protectionism (2009-2019), 277
‘sophisticated contract assembler’, 271
trade (in and out) affected by protectionism (2009-2019), 274
warning labels (nutritional), 215
Mexico: Central Bank, 267
Mexico: Congress, 278
Mexico: Ministry of Health, 214
Mexico-Panama PTA (2014), 112
microfoundations,
millennials, 168,
Mission for Transformation of Colombian Countryside, 135
Montevideo Treaty (1980), 92
Netflix, 168
Netherlands, 278
New Zealand-South Korea FTA (KNZFTA, 2015), 61
newspapers,
non-economic factors, 152
normative beliefs, 245,
Occidental, 240
octagonal STOP sign (food labelling), , 217
conclusions,
consolidation (Colombia),
diffusion in Latin America,
health standards (WHO and PAHO),
Latin American standard,
scientific and international legal support,
smaller packages (Mexico), 216
WTO TBT Agreement,
OECD Handbook for Measuring Digital Trade (2019), 120
Okonjo-Iweala, N., 131
open economy politics (OEP), 293
Pacific Alliance: Decision No. 9 (2020), 228
Pacific Alliance: Framework Agreement, 228
Pacific Alliance: TBT Committee, 228
Palermo, T., 284
Panama-Singapore PTA (2006), 114
Patent Law Treaty (WIPO, 2000), 97
peasants, 133,
perception relationship,
Peru, 7, 11, , 25, 31, 49, 63, 89, , 100, 156, 187, 209, , 232, 235, 237, 243, , , 269
CPTPP, 98
investment chapters in PTAs, 241
warning labels (nutritional), 213
Peru-Australia FTA (PAFTA, 2018): women and economic growth, 71
Petro, G., 249
Piñera, S., 247
political economy, , 291
political left, 41,
political parties, 39,
political right, , , 53
Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (PUCP), 2
preferential trade agreements (PTAs), xxi, 1, , 8, 20, 79, 89, 127, , 231, 234, , 256, 258, See also PTA design
asymmetrical, 89
descriptive statistics, 18
digital and environmental provisions,
impact on services (Chile),
investment chapters (rise),
mega-regional (with investment chapters), 239
percentage including trade-related and non-trade issues, 21
political determinants, 25
S&DT clauses (asymmetrical),
services impact assessment (women’s employment), 7
signed by South American countries (2001–2011), 235
signed by South American countries (2012–2023), 238
similarity (country-level heatmaps), 28
preferential trade agreements (PTAs) (Chilean perception)
concepts in news regarding PTA (word cloud), 163
concepts related to PTAs, 163
conclusions,
contribution of PTAs, 164
further research, 173
gender and green economy,
general perceptions,
growth, 165
insights from interviews, 172
insights from stakeholder survey, media analysis, interviews,
integration, 165
intellectual property, FDI promotion, digital trade,
literature survey,
love to hate in single step, 177
media analysis, 164
modernisation, 165
news concepts (positive and negative), 161
print media (content analysis), 160
print media (sentiment), 162
regional results,
revision, 165
sovereignty, 166
specific perceptions regarding PTA provisions,
trade policy,
proportionality, 225
protectionism and integration, 261
China (impact on Brazil and Mexico),
Latin America,
political economy (2009-2018),
reflections,
PTA universe in Latin America (mapping), , , See also preferential trade agreements (PTAs)
empirical analysis,
factors determining PTA design,
rest of world,
text analysis of LA PTAs,
variation within LAC region,
questionnaires, 159
Registro Único de Víctimas (RUV), 133
Ricardo-Viner model, 293
Rome Declaration on World Food Security (1996), 130
Rousseff, D., 250
Russia, 153
Saint Kitts and Nevis, 13
Saint Lucia, 13
Saint Vincent and Grenadines, 13
science, technology, engineering, mathematics (STEM), 65
security externalities, 40
Segura, A., 246
SGPDA, , 140, 142
implemented measures,
key to abbreviation (Colombian rural plan for right to food), 134
mandatory bottom-up participatory planning process, 145
objectives, 135
policy-specific criteria, 137
side letters, 157
Singapore’s Women’s Charter, 61
single-liability principle: definition, 234
social media, 158
South African Customs Union, 269
South America, 58
gender-mainstreaming in trade agreements,
‘new regionalism’, 12
PTAs (investment protection reform),
South Korea-Singapore Free Trade Agreement (KSFTA), 61
special and differential treatment (S&DT) clauses, 3, 5,
asymmetrical,
conceptualisation, methods, sampling,
conclusions,
examples, 86
framing case-by-case, 99
inclusion (key factors), 99
Latin American PTAs,
list approach, 100
main argument, 79
next steps, 100
WTO typology, 83
specific sector model, 293
state-owned enterprises, 156
Strategic Economic Partnership Agreement (P4), 156
Suriname, 20
Switzerland, 222
synthetic control method (SCM), 197
Taiwan, 38
tariff-rate quotas (TRQs), 98
technocrats,
Tokyo Round (1973-1979), 82
trade disputes: prevention, 146
trade experts,
trade governance,
trade in services, 97,
GLS with autoregressive process, 195
methodological approach and dataset,
results,
results (difference-in-differences regression), 196
results (robustness checks),
theoretical assumptions and hypotheses,
trade law policy, 4, 6, 8, 25, , , 153, 172, 178
‘can reduce gender gaps’, 201
gendered impact,
literature, 5
trade law: impact on food security (Colombia case study),
trade protectionism and integration
global context,
interventions (level of transparency), 263
mapping trade policy dynamics by region (2009-2018), 261
NTMs, 262
trading partner preferences
argument,
citizens (explanations), 45
education, 45
employment, 45
future research,
hypotheses, , , 50
ideological considerations, , , , 53
legislators,
perception relationship, 45
summary, 41
UNGA, 45
Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP), 40
Trinidad and Tobago, 118
Turkey, 29
UN (United Nations), , 153
UN Conference for Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 231
UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO),
UN General Assembly (UNGA), , , 57
UN Office of High Commissioner for Human Rights, 131
UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), 68
UN World Food Programme (WFP), 131
UNCTAD, 249
UNCTAD: MAST classification, 262
UNCTAD: Santiago conference (1972), 154
Unified Registry of Victims (RUV), 133
Union of South American Nations (UNASUR), 242
United States, xxi, 1, , 23, 26, , , , 46, , 53, , 88, 106, 153, 156, 158, 222, 225, 232, 249, 255, 259
elites-citizen gap, 153
exit from TPP, 98
free-market capitalism, 41
‘raised trade barriers in context of PTA’, 273
top trade partner of Latin America, 266
United States: Congress, 155
United States: Department of Commerce, 269
Universidad de Chile, 2
University of Bern, 2
University of St. Gallen, 2
Weintraub, A., 291
women, , , 142, 144, 152, 168
competitive advantage, 189
domestic and unpaid work, 202
employment, 7
financial inclusion, 67
gender mainstreaming in trade agreements (regional comparison),
leadership networks, 68
physical safety, 61
trade policy (gendered impact),
workforce participation in Chile (stylised facts),
Work Programme on Electronic Commerce (1998), 105
World Bank Group (WBG), 57
World Economic Forum, 103
World Trade Institute, 2
WTO, 1, 4, 6, 27, 33, 83, , 103, , 131, 222, 229, 255,
anti-dumping complaints against China, 280
gender issues, , 182
notifications required, , 145
transparency principle, 139
WTO Agreement on Agriculture (AoA), , 132,
aims, 131
article four, 128
article twenty, 130
de minimis criteria, 145
domestic support measures, 140
exemption from reduction commitments (Colombia),
food security concept, 130
obligation to notify domestic support measures,
Preamble, 130
S&DT, 139
WTO Committee on Regional Trade Agreements, 96
WTO Ministerial Declaration on Emergency Response to Food Insecurity, 132
WTO Ministerial Meeting (Nairobi 2015), 259
WTO Ministerial Meeting (Seattle, 1999), 258
WTO Multilateral Agreement on Investment Facilitation for Development (Chilean advocacy), 241
WTO Secretariat, 83
WTO-plus regulations, 89
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