Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-f46jp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-02-04T21:59:38.638Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Use and Construction of Anthropometric Growth Reference Standards

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 December 2007

T. J. Cole
T. J. Cole
Affiliation:
MRC Dunn Nutrition Centre, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 1XJ
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. As you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Research Article
Information
Nutrition Research Reviews , Volume 6 , Issue 1 , January 1993 , pp. 19 - 50
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 1993

References

REFERENCES

Altman, D. G. (1993). Construction of age-related reference centiles using absolute residuals. Statistics in Medicine 12, 917–924.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anon. (1993). Growth Program: software for growth analysis. Welwyn Garden City: Castlemead Publications.Google Scholar
Bailey, B. J. R. (1994). Monitoring the heights of prepubertal children by the use of standard charts. Annals of Human Biology 21 (In the Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bairagi, R. (1986). On components of variation of estimated weight velocity of children. Applied Statistics 35, 178–182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bairagi, R., Chowdhury, M. K., Kim, Y. J. & Curlin, G. T. (1985). Alternative anthropometric indicators of mortality. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 42, 296–306.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berkey, C. S. (1982). Comparison of two longitudinal growth models for preschool children. Biometrics 38, 221–234.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berkey, C. S. & Reed, R.B. (1987). A model for describing normal and abnormal growth in early childhood. Human Biology 59, 973–987.Google Scholar
Berkey, C. S., Reed, R. B. & Valadian, I. (1983). Longitudinal growth standards for preschool children. Annals of Human Biology 10, 57–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bland, J. M., Peacock, J. L., Anderson, H. R., Brooke, O. G. & Decurtis, M. (1990). The adjustment of birth weight for very early gestational ages 2 related problems in statistical analysis. Applied Statistics 39, 229–239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boas, F. (1930). Observations on the growth of children. Science 72, 44–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bock, R. D. & Thissen, D. (1976). Fitting multi-component models for growth in stature. Proceedings of the 9th International Biometric Conference 1, 431–442.Google Scholar
Bowditch, H. P. (1891). The Growth of Children, Studied by Galton's Method of Percentile Grades. Boston: Wright and Potter.Google Scholar
Box, G. E. P. & Cox, D. R. (1964). An analysis of transformations. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society B 26, 211–252.Google Scholar
Cameron, N. (1980). Conditional standards for growth in height of British children from 5·0 to 15·99 years of age. Annals of Human Biology 7, 331–337.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cameron, N. (1986). The methods of auxological anthropometry. In Human Growth: a comprehensive treatise, 2nd edn, Vol. 3, pp. 3–46 [Falkner, F. and Tanner, J. M. editors]. New York: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Chen, L. C., Chowdhury, A. K. M. A. & Huffman, S. L. (1980). Anthropometric assessment of energy protein malnutrition and subsequent risk of mortality among preschool aged children. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 33, 1836–1845.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chinn, S. (1992). A new method for calculation of height centiles for preadolescent children. Annals of Human Biology 19, 221–232.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chinn, S. & Morris, R. W. (1980). Standards of weight-for-height for English children from age 5·0 to 11·0 years. Annals of Human Biology 7, 457–473.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chinn, S., Price, C. E. & Rona, R. J. (1989). Need for new reference curves for height. Archives of Disease in Childhood 64, 1545–1553.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chinn, S., Rona, R. J., Gulliford, M. C. & Hammond, J. (1992). Weight-for-height in children aged 4-12 years. A new index compared to the normalized body mass index. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 46, 489–500.Google Scholar
Cleveland, W. S. (1979). Robust locally weighted regression and smoothing scatterplots. Journal of the American Statistical Association 74, 829–836.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cole, T. J. (1979). A method for assessing age-standardized weight-for-height in children seen cross-sectionally. Annals of Human Biology 6, 249–268.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cole, T. J. (1985). A critique of the NCHS weight for height standard. Human Biology 57, 183–196.Google ScholarPubMed
Cole, T. J. (1986). Weight/heightp compared to weight/height2 for assessing adiposity in childhood – influence of age and bone age on p during puberty. Annals of Human Biology 13, 433–451.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cole, T. J. (1988). Fitting smoothed centile curves to reference data. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society A 151, 385–418.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cole, T. J. (1989 a). The British, American NCHS and Dutch weight standards compared using the LMS method. American Journal of Human Biology 1, 397–408.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cole, T. J. (1989 b). Using the LMS method to measure skewness in the NCHS and Dutch national height standards. Annals of Human Biology 16, 407–419.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cole, T. J. (1990). The LMS method for constructing normalized growth standards. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 44, 45–60.Google ScholarPubMed
Cole, T. J. (1994). Centile charts for both cross-sectional and longitudinal data. Statistics in Medicine 13 (In the Press).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cole, T. J. & Green, P. J. (1992). Smoothing reference centile curves: the LMS method and penalized likelihood. Statistics in Medicine 11, 1305–1319.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cole, T. J., Paul, A. A., Eccles, M. & Whitehead, R. G. (1989). The use of a multiple growth standard to highlight the effects of diet and infection on growth. In Auxology 88: Perspectives in the Science of Growth and Development, pp. 91–100 [Tanner, J. M. editor]. London: Smith-Gordon.Google Scholar
Count, E. (1943). Growth pattern of the human physique. Human Biology 15, 1–32.Google Scholar
Cronk, C., Crocker, A. C., Pueschel, S. M., Shea, A. M., Zackai, E., Pickens, G. & Reed, R. B. (1988). Growth charts for children with Down Syndrome: 1 month to 18 years of age. Pediatrics 81, 102–110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cronk, C. E. & Roche, A. F. (1982). Race- and sex-specific reference data for triceps and subscapular skinfolds and weight/stature. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 35, 347–354.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davies, P. S. W., Day, J. M. E. & Cole, T. J. (1993). Converting Tanner-Whitehouse reference triceps and subscapular skinfold measurements to standard deviation scores. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 47, 559–566.Google ScholarPubMed
Emery, J. L., Waite, A. J., Carpenter, R. G., Limerick, S. R. & Blake, D. (1985). Apnoea monitors compared with weighing scales for siblings after cot death. Archives of Disease in Childhood 60, 1055–1060.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Galton, F. (1885). Anthropometric per-centiles. Nature 31, 223–225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldstein, H. (1986). Sampling for growth studies. In Human Growth: a comprehensive treatise, 2nd edn. Vol. 3, pp. 59–78 [Falkner, F. and Tanner, J. M. editors]. New York: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Goldstein, H. & Tanner, J. M. (1980). Ecological considerations in the creation and the use of child growth standards. Lancet i, 582–585.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graitcer, P. L. & Gentry, E. M. (1981). Measuring children: one reference for all. Lancet ii, 297–299.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grant, J. (1984). The State of the World's Children 1984. Oxford: Oxford University Press, for UNICEF.Google Scholar
Guo, S., Roche, A. F., Baumgartner, R. N., Chumlea, W. C. & Ryan, A. S. (1990 a). Kernel regression for smoothing percentile curves: reference data for calf and subscapular skinfold thicknesses in Mexican Americans. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 51, 908S–916S.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guo, S., Roche, A. F., Fomon, S. J., Nelson, S. E., Chumlea, W. C., Rogers, R. R., Baumgartner, R. N., Ziegler, E. E. & Siervogel, R. M. (1991). Reference data on gains in weight and length during the first two years of life. Journal of Pediatrics 119, 355–362.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guo, S., Roche, A. F. & Yeung, D. L. (1990 b). Monthly growth status from a longitudinal study of Canadian infants. Canadian Journal of Public Health 81, 215–221.Google ScholarPubMed
Guo, S., Siervogel, R. M., Roche, A. F. & Chumlea, W. C. (1992). Mathematical modelling of human growth: a comparative study. American Journal of Human Biology 4, 93–104.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hamill, P. V. V., Drizd, T. A., Johnson, C. L., Reed, R. B. & Roche, A. F. (1977). NCHS Growth Curves for Children, Birth–18 Years. Washington, DC: National Center for Health Statistics.Google ScholarPubMed
Hammer, L. D., Kraemer, H. C., Wilson, D. M., Ritter, P. L. & Dornbusch, S. M. (1991). Standardized percentile curves of body-mass index for children and adolescents. American Journal of Diseases of Children 145, 259–263.Google ScholarPubMed
Healy, M. J. R. (1962). The effect of age grouping on the distribution of a measurement affected by growth. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 20, 49–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Healy, M. J. R. (1974). Notes on the statistics of growth standards. Annals of Human Biology 1, 41–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Healy, M. J. R. (1988). In the discussion of Cole (1988). Journal of the Royal Statistical Society A 151, 411–412.Google Scholar
Healy, M. J. R. (1991). The reliability of height and height velocity in the assessment of growth. Archives of Disease in Childhood 66, 1465.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Healy, M. J. R. (1992). Normalizing transformations for growth standards. Annals of Human Biology 19, 521–526.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Healy, M. J. R., Rasbash, J. & Yang, M. (1988 a). Distribution-free estimation of age-related centiles. Annals of Human Biology 15, 17–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Healy, M. J. R., Yang, M., Tanner, J. M. & Zumrawi, F. Y. (1988 b). The use of short-term increments in length to monitor growth in infancy. In Linear Growth Retardation in Less Developed Countries (Nestlé Nutrition Workshop Series 14), pp. 41–55 [Waterlow, J. C. editor]. New York: Raven Press.Google Scholar
Himes, J. H., Roche, A. F. & Thissen, D. (1981). Parent-specific Adjustments for Assessment of Recumbent Length and Stature (Monographs in Paediatrics vol. 13), pp. 1–88. Basel: Karger.Google Scholar
Jenss, R. M. & Bayley, N. (1937). A mathematical method for studying the growth of a child. Human Biology 9, 556–563.Google Scholar
Johnston, F. E. & Ouyang, Z. (1991). Choosing appropriate reference data for the anthropometric assessment of nutritional status. In Anthropometric Assessment of Nutritional, pp. 337–346 [Himes, J. H. editor]. New York: Wiley-Liss.Google Scholar
Jolicoeur, P., Pontier, J. & Abidi, H. (1992). Asymptotic models for the longitudinal growth of human stature. American Journal of Human Biology 4, 461–468.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jolicoeur, P., Pontier, J., Pernin, M.-O. & Sempé, M. (1988). A lifetime asymptotic growth curve for human height. Biometrics 44, 995–1003.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, M. C. (1988). In the discussion of Cole (1988). Journal of the Royal Statistical Society 151, 412–413.Google Scholar
Jones, M. C. & Hall, P. (1990). Mean squared error properties of kernel estimates of regression quantiles. Statistics and Probability Letters 10, 283–289.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jordan, J., Ruben, M., Hernandez, J., Bebelagua, A., Tanner, J. M. & Goldstein, H. (1975). The 1972 Cuban national child growth study as an example of population health monitoring: design and methods. Annals of Human Biology 2, 153–171.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Karlberg, J. (1987). On the modelling of human growth. Statistics in Medicine 6, 185–192.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kouchi, M., Mukherjee, D. & Roche, A. F. (1985). Curve fitting for growth in weight during infancy with relationships to adult status, and familial associations of the estimated parameters. Human Biology 57, 245–263.Google ScholarPubMed
Lampl, M., Veldhuis, J. D. & Johnson, M. L. (1992). Saltation and stasis: a model of human growth. Science 258, 801–803.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lavoi-Pierre, G. J., Keller, W., Dixon, H., Dustin, J. P. & ten Dam, G. (1983). Measuring Change in Nutritional Status. Guidelines for Assessing the Nutritional Impact of Supplementary Feeding Programmes for Vulnerable Groups. Geneva: WHO.Google Scholar
Lyon, A. J., Preece, M. A. & Grant, D. B. (1985). Growth curve for girls with Turner syndrome. Archives of Disease in Childhood 60, 932–935.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marshall, W. A. (1971). Evaluation of growth rate in height over periods of less than one year. Archives of Disease in Childhood 46, 414–420.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morley, D. (1973). Paediatric Priorities in the Developing World. London: Butterworth.Google Scholar
Must, A., Dallal, G. E. & Dietz, W. H. (1991). Reference data for obesity: 85th and 95th percentiles of body mass index (wt/ht2) and triceps skinfold thickness. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 53, 839–846.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Naeraa, R. W. & Nielsen, J. (1990). Standards for growth and final height in Turner's syndrome. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 79, 182–190.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pan, H. Q., Goldstein, H. & Guo, D. (1992). A two-level cross-sectional model using grafted polynomials. Annals of Human Biology 19, 337–346.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pan, H. Q., Goldstein, H. & Yang, Q. (1990). Non-parametric estimation of age-related centiles over wide age ranges. Annals of Human Biology 17, 475–481.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pelletier, D. (1991). Relationships between Child Anthropometry and Mortality in Developing Countries. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University.Google Scholar
Piwoz, E. G., Peerson, J. M. & Brown, K. H. (1992). Potential for misclassification of infants' growth increments by using existing reference data. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 56, 58–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Preece, M. A. & Baines, M. J. (1978). A new family of mathematical models describing the human growth curve. Annals of Human Biology 5, 1–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ranke, M. B. & Guilbaud, O. (1990). Growth response in prepubertal children with idiopathic growth hormone deficiency during the first year of treatment with human growth hormone. Analysis of the Kabi international growth study. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica Suppl. 370, 122–130.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ranke, M. B., Pflüger, H., Rosendahl, W.Stubbe, P., Enders, H., Bierich, J. R. & Majewski, F. (1983). Turner's syndrome: spontaneous growth in 150 cases and review of the literature. European Journal of Pediatrics 141, 81–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roche, A. F., Guo, S. & Moore, W. M. (1989). Weight and recumbent length from 1 to 12 mo of age: reference data for 1-mo increments. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 49, 599–607.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roede, M. J. & Van Wieringen, J. C. (1985). Growth diagrams 1980. Netherlands third nation-wide survey. Tijdschrift voor Sociale Gezondheidszorg 63 (Suppl.), 1–34.Google Scholar
Rolland-Cachera, M. F., Cole, T. J., Sempé, M., Tichet, J., Rossignol, C. & Charraud, A. (1991). Body mass index variations: centiles from birth to 87 years. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 45, 13–21.Google ScholarPubMed
Rolland-Cachera, M. F., Deheeger, M., Bellisle, F., Sempé, M., Guilloud-Bataille, M. & Patois, E. (1984). Adiposity rebound in children: a simple indicator for predicting obesity. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 39, 129–135.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rolland-Cachera, M. F., Sempé, M., Guilloud-Bataille, M., Patois, E., Péquignot-Guggenbuhl, F. & Fautrad, V. (1982). Adiposity indices in children. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 36, 178–184.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rossiter, J. E. (1991). Calculating centile curves using kernel density estimation methods with application to infant kidney lengths. Statistics in Medicine 10, 1693–1701.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rowland, M. G. M., Cole, T. J. & Whitehead, R. G. (1977). A quantitative study into the role of infection in determining nutritional status in Gambian village children. British Journal of Nutrition 37, 441–450.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Royston, P. & Altman, D. G. (1994). Regression using fractional polynomials of continuous covariates: parsimonious parametric modelling. Applied Statistics 43, (In the Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sempé, M., Pédron, G. & Roy-Pernot, M. (1979). Auxologie: méthode et séquences. Paris: Theraplix.Google Scholar
Shohoji, T. & Sasaki, H. (1987). Individual growth of stature of Japanese. Growth 51, 432–450.Google ScholarPubMed
Simondon, K. B., Simondon, F., Delpeuch, F. & Cornu, A. (1992). Comparative study of five growth models applied to weight data from Congolese infants between birth and 13 months of age. American Journal of Human Biology 4, 327–335.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
SmithD. W., D. W.,, Truog, W., Rogers, J. E., Greitzer, L. J., Skinner, A. L., McCann, J. J. & Harvey, M. A. S. (1976). Shifting linear growth during infancy: illustration of genetic factors in growth from fetal life through infancy. Journal of Pediatrics 89, 225–230.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stützle, W., Gasser, T., Molinari, L., Largo, R. H., Prader, A. & Huber, P. (1980). Shape-invariant modelling of human growth. Annals of Human Biology 7, 507–528.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tanner, J. M. (1962). Growth at Adolescence, with a general consideration of the effects of hereditary and environmental factors upon growth and maturation from birth to maturity, 2nd edn. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Tanner, J. M. (1981). A History of the Study of Human Growth. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Tanner, J. M. & Davies, P. S. W. (1985). Clinical longitudinal standards for height and height velocity for North American children. Journal of Pediatrics 107, 317–329.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tanner, J. M., Goldstein, H. & Whitehouse, R. H. (1970). Standards for children's height at ages 2 9 years allowing for height of parents. Archives of Disease in Childhood 45, 755–762.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tanner, J. M., Lejarraga, H. & Healy, M. J. R. (1972). Within-family standards for birth-weight. Lancet ii, 1314–1315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tanner, J. M., Whitehouse, R. H. & Takaishi, M. (1966). Standards from birth to maturity for height, weight, height velocity, and weight velocity: British children, 1965 Parts I and II. Archives of Disease in Childhood 41, 454–471, 613-635.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, M. L. & Theron, G. B. (1990). Maximum likelihood estimation of reference centiles. Statistics in Medicine 9, 539–548.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Toole, M. J. & Malkki, R. M. (1992). Famine-affected, refugee, and displaced populations: recommendations for public health issues. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 41 (Supplement RR-13), 1–25.Google Scholar
van Lerberghe, W. (1988). Growth, infection and mortality: is growth monitoring an efficient screening instrument? In Auxology 88: Perspectives in the Science of Growth and Development, pp. 101–110 [Tanner, J. M. editor]. London: Smith-Gordon.Google Scholar
Vaughan, V. C. & McKay, R. J. (1975). Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, 10th edn. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders.Google Scholar
Voss, L. D., Bailey, B. J. R., Cumming, K., Wilkin, T. J. & Betts, P. R. (1990). The reliability of height measurement (the Wessex growth study). Archives of Disease in Childhood 65, 1340–1344.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Voss, L. D., Mulligan, J., Betts, P. R. & Wilkin, T. J. (1992). Poor growth in school entrants as an index of organic disease: the Wessex growth study. British Medical Journal 305, 1400–1402.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Voss, L. D., Wilkin, T. J. & Betts, P. R. (1987). Do we need new growth charts? Lancet ii, 447–448.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waterlow, J. C. (1972). Classification and definition of protein-calorie malnutrition. British Medical Journal 3, 566–569.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waterlow, J. C., Buzina, R., Keller, W., Lane, J. M., Nichaman, M. Z. & Tanner, J. M. (1977). Presentation and use of height and weight data for comparing the nutritional status of groups of children under the age of 10 years. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 55, 489–498.Google ScholarPubMed
Whitehead, R. G. & Paul, A. A. (1984). Growth charts and the assessment of infant feeding practices in the western world and in developing countries. Early Human Development 9, 187–207.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
WHO (1986). Use and interpretation of anthropometric indicators of nutritional status. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 64, 929–941.Google Scholar
Wright, C. M., Matthews, J. N. S., Waterston, A. & Aynsley-Green, A. (1994). What is a normal rate of weight gain in infancy? Acta Paediatrica (In the Press).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed