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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 25 November 2024
This article explores the long roots of swadeshi (economic self-reliance) in nineteenth-century India, focusing on attempts at industrial revival through pedagogical institutions, exhibitions, and associations. These roots, which influenced the Swadeshi Movement and Gandhian swadeshi activity in the early twentieth century, demonstrate how it is impossible to understand swadeshi without taking an extensive global perspective. Indian thinkers engaged in contemporary global economic debates and with British imperial deliberations on free trade and protection; they fine-tuned comparative perspectives on the Indian economy through international travel and their readings of global history. In a similar spirit, Indians forged core swadeshi techniques through observing associational, institutional, and technological innovations across the British empire and the wider world. History was a powerful motivating force. Popular conceptions of deindustrialization under colonial rule fired Indians’ imaginations about a past when the country was a global powerhouse for manufactured exports—and directly stimulated specific swadeshi endeavours. Situated at the confluence of profit-making and patriotism, swadeshi enterprise in the nineteenth century created some unexpected alliances: between Britons and Indians, colonial officials and nationalists, and urban intellectuals and small-town entrepreneurs.
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96 While the author of this article is only listed as ‘M. G. R.’, it is quite obviously Ranade. M. G. R., ‘Employment for the middle classes’, Times of India, p. 3.
97 Ibid.
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130 Bholanath Chandra, ‘A Voice for the Commerce and Manufactures of India’, Mookerjee’s Magazine, March 1873, pp. 84–85.
131 Bholanath Chandra, ‘A Voice for the Commerce and Manufactures of India. Section 2’, Mookerjee’s Magazine, December 1873, pp. 618, 619.
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135 Chandra, ‘A Voice for the Commerce and Manufactures of India. Section 2’, Mookerjee’s Magazine, p. 559.
136 Chandra, ‘A Voice for the Commerce and Manufactures of India. Section IV’, pp. 45, 46.
137 Bholanath Chandra, ‘A Voice for the Commerce and Manufactures of India. Section III’, Mookerjee’s Magazine, August 1874, p. 378.
138 Chandra, ‘A Voice for the Commerce and Manufactures of India. Section IV’, pp. 48, 17, 11, 36.
139 Ibid., pp. 12–13.
140 Chandra, ‘A Voice for the Commerce and Manufactures of India. Section 2’, Mookerjee’s Magazine, p. 621.
141 Chandra, ‘A Voice for the Commerce and Manufactures of India. Section IV’, pp. 25, 44.
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151 The terminology of a ‘first swadeshi movement’ is employed by Yagnik and Sheth, The shaping of modern Gujarat, p. 125.
152 Mitter, Art and nationalism in colonial India, Chapters 7, 8.
153 For example, ‘Swadeshi and Sinn Fein’, Irish Times, 26 July 1907, p. 4.
154 Quoted in Arnold, Everyday technology, p. 98.
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