Let d be a square-free positive integer and let O (= Od) be the ring of integers of the imaginary quadratic number field ℚ(-d). The groups PSL2(O) are called the Bianchi groups after Luigi Bianchi who made the first important contribution 1 to their study in 1892. Since then they have attracted considerable attention particularly during the last thirty years. Their importance stems primarily from their action as discrete groups of isometries on hyperbolic 3-space, H3. As a consequence they play an important role in hyperbolic geometry, low-dimensional topology together with the theory of discontinuous groups and automorphic forms. In addition they are of particular significance in the class of linear groups over Dedekind rings of arithmetic type. Serre9 has proved that in this class the Bianchi groups (along with, for example, the modular group, PSL2(z), where z is the ring of rational integers) have an exceptionally complicated (non-congruence) subgroup structure.

In 1980 Leedham-Green and Newman made a series of conjectures on the structure of pro-p groups and finite p-groups of a given coclass [10]. These insightful conjectures have gradually been proved, in a series of papers (some of which are still unpublished) by Leedham-Green, Donkin, McKay and Plesken (see, e.g. [11, 2, 8, 9, 13, 14]). Some simplifications (as well as additional information) have recently been given in [12, 15].

Let be the finite field with q elements (q a prime power), let r1 and let X1, , Xr be independent indeterminates over . We choose an arbitrary and a d1 and consider

Let (R, m) be a 2-dimensional regular local ring and I an m-primary ideal. The aim of this paper is to find conditions on I so that the associated graded ring of I,

and the Rees ring of I,

where t is an indeterminate, are Cohen–Macaulay (resp. Gorenstein). To this end, we use the results and techniques from Zariski's theory of complete ideals ([14], appendix 5) and its later generalizations and refinements due to Huneke [7] and Lipman[8]. The main result is an application of three deep theorems: (i) a generalization of Macaulay's classical theorem on Hilbert series of Gorenstein graded rings [13], (ii) a generalization of the Briançon–Skoda theorem due to Lipman and Sathaye [9], and (iii) a formula for the length of R/I, where I is a complete m-primary ideal, due to Hoskin[4] and Deligne[1].

An arithmetic Fuchsian group is necessarily of finite covolume and so of the first kind. From the structure theorem for finitely generated Fuchsian groups those of the first kind which can be generated by two elements are triangle groups, groups of signature (1;q;0) or (1; ; 1) or groups of signature (0;2,2,2,e;0) where e is odd 6. It is known that there are finitely many conjugacy classes of arithmetic groups with these signatures or indeed with any fixed signature 3, 15. In the case of non-cocompact groups, the arithmetic groups are conjugate to groups commensurable with the classical modular group and are easily determined. For the other groups described above the space of conjugacy classes of all such Fuchsian groups of fixed signature can be described in terms of the traces of a pair of generating elements and their product. In the case of triangle groups this space is a single point. This description has been utilized to determine all classes of triangle groups 13 and groups of signature (1;q;0) which are arithmetic 15. In this paper we determine all classes of groups of signature (0;2,2,2,e;0) with e odd which are arithmetic. The techniques involving traces used so profitably in 15 are not so fruitful in this case. Consequently we have in the main resorted to a quite different method which does not rely on having a precise description of the space of conjugacy classes and hence could be applicable to groups other than those which have rank 2. Extensive use is made of results of Borell on the structure of arithmetic Fuchsian groups which require detailed information on the number fields defining the quaternion algebras. Consequently, the results are given in terms of the quaternion algebra which is determined by its defining field and ramification set, and maximal orders in that quaternion algebra.

The modular symbols method developed by the author in 4 for the computation of cusp forms for 0(N) and related elliptic curves is here extended to 1(N). Two applications are given: the verification of a conjecture of Stevens 14 on modular curves parametrized by 1(N); and the study of certain elliptic curves with everywhere good reduction over real quadratic fields of prime discriminant, introduced by Shimura and related to Pinch's thesis 10.

It has long been known that the integral homology of a non-trivial finite group must be non-zero in infinitely many dimensions 17. Recent work on the Sullivan conjecture in homotopy theory has made it possible to extend this result to locally finite groups. For more general groups with torsion it becomes more difficult to make such a strong statement. Nevertheless we prove that when a non-perfect group is generated by torsion elements its integral homology must also be non-zero in infinitely many dimensions. Remarkably, this result is best possible, in that for perfect torsion generated groups all (finite or infinite) sequences of abelian groups are shown below to be attainable as higher homology groups.

In 5, I provided a method whereby the study of an Artinian module A over a commutative ring R (throughout the paper, R will denote a commutative ring with identity) can, for some purposes at least, be reduced to the study of an Artinian module A' over a complete (Noetherian) local ring; in the latter situation, Matlis' duality 1 (alternatively, see 6, ch. 5) is available, and this means that the investigation can often be converted into a dual one about a finitely generated module over a complete (Noetherian) local ring.

In [1] P. Cohn suggested the construction of a localization of a ring with respect to a class of square matrices. Let us briefly recall the definitions.

Some decidability results for presentations in the variety of Clifford monoids are obtained. These results are applied in the solution of the E-unitary problem for presentations in the variety of inverse monoids.

In his paper 10 the author investigated the structure of m-full ideals by analysing their syzygies and, as one special case, showed how the Betti numbers of Borel stable ideals over polynomial rings can be computed. The same result, among other things, was also obtained by Eliahou and Kervaire1 by a different method.

This note is a brief excursion into a new theory of modules over a commutative ring R modulo a Serre subcategory S of the category of R-modules, in the sense that the modules of S are regarded as trivial. As a demonstration of the theory we have chosen to extend the primary decomposition theorem for submodules of a Noetherian .R-module from the familiar case of S trivial (i.e. the only R-module of S is the zero module) to the general case.

This paper deals with locally finite connected graphs with infinitely many ends. The structure of such graphs with a transitive group of automorphisms that fixes an end is investigated.

We prove that every semigroup S in which the idempotents form a subsemigroup has an E-unitary cover with the same property. Furthermore, if S is E-dense or orthodox, then its cover can be chosen with the same property. Then we describe the structure of E-unitary dense semigroups. Our results generalize Fountain's results on semigroups in which the idempotents commute, and are analogous to those of Birget, Margolis and Rhodes, and of Jones and Szendrei on finite E-semigroups.

Throughout, (R, m) will denote a d-dimensional CohenMacaulay (CM for short) local ring having an infinite residue field and I an m-primary ideal in R. Recall that an ideal JI is said to be a reduction of I if Ir+1 = JIr for some r0, and a reduction J of I is called a minimal reduction of I if J is generated by a system of parameters. The concepts of reduction and minimal reduction were first introduced by Northcott and Rees12. If J is a reduction of I, define the reduction number of I with respect to J, denoted by rj(I), to be min {r0 Ir+1 = JIr}. The reduction number of I is defined as r(I) = min {rj(I)J is a minimal reduction of I}. The reduction number r(I) is said to be independent if r(I) = rj(I) for every minimal reduction J of I.

Intuitively, transfinite iteration is a repetitive process, which eventually reaches completion, but might need to progress through an infinite chain of steps before finally doing so. But whereas such a chain is always readily at hand in classical set theory in the form of ordinals, iterative arguments involving sets (i.e. objects) in a general topos have to depend on some intrinsic or naturally available inductive structure, say algebraic, which might not be associated with a (well-ordered) chain.

Let Σ be a Seifert-fibred homology 3-sphere. We are interested in the chain complex for the Floer homology of Σ. This is generated by the critical points of the ChernSimons functional acting on the moduli space of irreducible SU(2)-connections modulo gauge-equivalence, i.e. the equivalence classes of flat connections: see [6]. Specifically, we ask the question: given the holonomy ρ of a flat connection Cρ, what is the index of Cρ in the chain complex? By definition this Floer index is given by the spectral flow of a family of twisted signature operators with coefficients in the adjoint bundle (with fibre su(2)) corresponding to any path of connections joining the trivial connection to Cρ. We will calculate this spectral flow by an almost entirely direct method, obtaining a formula in terms of the dimensions of spaces of π1(Σ)- automorphic functions. These dimensions will be evaluated to give the numerical result previously obtained using a different method by Fintushel and Stern: see [5].

It is shown how questions about ends of locally finite graphs can be reduced to questions about trees. Several applications are given; for example, locally finite connected graphs with infinitely many ends and automorphism groups that act transitively on the ends are classified.

W. Thurston initiated interest in circle packings with his provocative suggestion at the International Symposium in Celebration of the Proof of the Bieberbach Conjecture (Purdue University, 1985) that a result of Andreev[2] had an interpretation in terms of circle packings that could be applied systematically to construct geometric approximations of classical conformal maps. Rodin and Sullivan [11] verified Thurston's conjecture in the setting of hexagonal packings, and more recently Stephenson [12] has announced a proof for more general combinatorics. Inspired by Thurston's work and motivated by the desire to discover and exploit discrete versions of classical results in complex variable theory, Beardon and Stephenson [4, 5] initiated a study of the geometry of circle packings, particularly in the hyperbolic setting. This topic is a recent example among many of the beautiful and sometimes unexpected interplay between Geometry, Topology, and Cornbinatorics that is evident in much of the topological research of the past decade, and that has its roots in the seminal work of the great geometrically-minded mathematicians – Riemann, Klein, Poincaré – of the last century. A somewhat surprising example of this interplay concerns us here; namely, the fact that the combinatorial information encoded in a simplicial triangulation of a topological surface can determine its geometry.

Given a smooth projective surface X over an algebraically closed field k and a modulus (an effective divisor) m on X, one defines the idle class group Cm(X) of X with modulus m (see 1, chapter III, section 4). The corresponding generalized Albanese variety Gum and the generalized Albanese map um:X|m|Gum have the following universal mapping property (2): if :XG is a rational map into a commutative algebraic group which induces a homomorphism Cm(X)G(k) (1, chapter III, proposition 1), thenfactors uniquely through um.