Treaties — Constitutional Limitations — Provision that the United States Congress must approve Treaties Relating to Revenues — Presumption of Constitutionality Arising from the Fact that Validity of Treaty had not subsequently been Questioned by Congress.

Recognition — Of Governments — Retroactive Effect of — Limits of Retroactive Effect — Statutes of Limitation

Treaties — Effect in municipal law — Priority of treaty provisions over conflicting provisions of subsequently enacted municipal law — EEC Treaty 1957, Article 95 — French Constitution, Article 55

Treaties — Application — Constitutional limitations — Requirement of reciprocity — French Constitution, Article 55 — EEC Treaty, 1957

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — Effect in municipal law — EEC Treaty, 1957 — Nature of legal order established by Treaty

Economics, trade and finance — Taxation — EEC Treaty, 1957, Article 95 — Rule banning discriminatory internal taxation — Legality of higher internal consumption tax on imported coffee products — The law of France

Recognition of Acts of Foreign States — Acts of Nazi Officials in Germany — Allegation of Duress.

Treaties — Effect and Operation of — Effect upon Private Rights under a Contract — Impossibility to Fulfil a Contract on account of a Treaty.

Jurisdiction — On the high seas — Enforcement of municipal legislation — The law of the flag — Extension of law to national ships on the high seas — The law of Thailand.

Belligerent Occupation — Killing, Torture, Ill-treatment and Deportation of Civilian Inhabitants — Hostages and Reprisals — War Crimes as Reprisals — Resistance Movement and Guerrilla Warfare in Occupied Territory — Fundamental Principles of Justice as Part of International Law — Principle of Nullum Crimen Sine Lege — Rules of Warfare and the Legality of War — Plea of Military Necessity — Wanton Devastation of Property in Occupied Territory During Retreat of Occupying Armed Forces — Plea of Superior Orders — Responsibility of Military Commander in Occupied Territory.

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Act of State and justiciability — Nature of act of State doctrine in United States law — Contemporary purpose of doctrine — Respect of sovereign independence of State — Judicial restraint in matters of foreign relations — Requirement to establish that case turns on effect of an official action by a foreign sovereign — Burden of proof — Allegation that corporation secured valuable privileges by bribery — Enquiry into motives of foreign government in granting privileges — Whether barred by act of State doctrine — The law of the United States

Human rights — Treaties — American Convention on Human Rights, 1969 — Terrorism in Peru — Forced disappearances by Peruvian security forces — Acts of Peruvian police force imputable to State — Right to personal liberty — Right to humane treatment — Right to life — Right to a fair trial — Right to judicial protection — Whether Peru violating Articles 7, 5, 4, 8 and 25 of Convention — Whether Peru acting in violation of 1979 Peruvian Political Constitution

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Reparations — Applicable law — Article 63(1) of American Convention on Human Rights, 1969 — International law governing scope, nature, modality and determination of beneficiaries of reparations — Whether subject to alteration by municipal law — Peru's obligation to take necessary domestic measures to comply with Convention and judgment of Court — Articles 1(1) and 2 of Convention — Municipal amnesty laws — Whether limitation on impunity acceptable

International tribunals — Procedure — Inter-American Court of Human Rights — Unique characteristics of proceedings — Whether Court bound by same formalities as domestic courts — Admissibility of evidence

State responsibility — Violation of international norm — Whether State responsible — Whether unlawful act imputable to State — Whether State having duty to make reparations

Damages — For human rights violations — Reparations — Peru having duty to make proper reparation — Appropriate forms of reparation — Compensatory damages — Pecuniary damages — Moral damages — Scope, basis and amount of compensation — Proportionality requirement — Method of calculation — Entitlement to fair compensation — Victim and next of kin — Determination of next of kin — Identification of “injured party” — Victim belonging to wider community and nation — Whether community and nation entitled to moral damages — Peru having duty to investigate facts and to punish those responsible — American Convention on Human Rights, 1969, Article 63(1)

Belligerent Occupation — Rights and Duties of Occupant — Power to Set up Courts — Japanese Civil Court in Hong Kong — Grant of Letters of Administration.

Belligerent Occupation — Judgment of Courts set up by Occupying Power — Grant of Letters of Administration — Variations in Procedure — Whether Cause for Invalidity — Japanese Civil Court in Hong Kong.

Jurisdiction — Exemptions from — Property of Foreign States — Real and Personal Property of which Foreign State is Beneficial Owner — Property which is Not Public Property Destined for Public Use — Whether Person in whom Legal Title is Vested is Exempt from Municipal Taxation — The Law of Canada.

Treaties — Effect in municipal law — EEC Treaty, 1957 — Legislation enacted by EEC institutions — Status under municipal law — Regulations — Primacy of EEC law over contrary municipal law — Whether provisions of EEC law take precedence over fundamental rights under national constitutions

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — Effect in municipal law — EEC Treaty, 1957 — Nature of legal order established by Treaty — Fundamental rights under national Constitution — Reference to Constitutional Court alleging unconstitutionality of EEC provisions — Whether provisions of EEC law prevailing over fundamental constitutional rights

Treaties — Conclusion and operation — Constitutional limitations — Acts of institutions established by EEC Treaty — Whether subject to constitutional review by municipal courts

International organizations — EEC — Legal status — Powers — Regulations enacted by Council and Commission — Whether subject to constitutional review by municipal courts of Member States — Institutions — Court of Justice of European Communities — Effect of decisions in municipal legal order of Member States Human rights — Procedure for enforcement — Scope of protection of human rights within the Community — Whether human rights law part of Community law — Case law of the Court of Justice of the European Communities — Whether adequately ensuring protection of fundamental rights — Whether any requirement upon Community to secure enactment of bill of rights by democratically elected European Parliament

Human rights — Procedure for enforcement — Fundamental rights under Constitution of Federal Republic of Germany — EEC Treaty, 1957 and secondary legislation — Possible conflict with fundamental rights under Constitution of Federal Republic — Whether EEC provisions subject to constitutional review by municipal courts to establish compatibility with fundamental constitutional rights — Whether such proceedings jeopardizing EEC legal system

Economics, trade and finance — Import and export licences — Cereals — EEC Treaty, 1957 — Period of validity of licences — Expiry — Forfeiture of deposits — Whether violating fundamental rights — The law of the European Economic Community — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

Treaties — Effect on Third Parties — Interpretation by Some of the Signatories — Effect on Other Signatories.

Treaties — Termination of — Change in Conditions — Adaptation of the Treaty to New Conditions.

Treaties — Interpretation of — Interpretation and Modification of Treaties — Modification by virtue of Authorisation Expressed in the Treaty.

Treaties — Forms of — Power to Conclude Administrative Agreements — Treaty Obligations Created by Declarations — Modification of Treaty by Subsequent Declarations — Amendment of Treaty Distinguished from Completion of Treaty — Admissibility of Separate Understandings between Some of the Contracting Parties — Rights and Interests of Third Parties.

Mandates — Supervision by United Nations — Territory of South-West Africa — Voting Procedure of General Assembly — Voting Procedure under United Nations.

United Nations — Charter of — Interpretation of — Article 18, paragraph 2, on Voting Procedure.

United Nations — General Assembly — Procedure of — Voting Procedure — “Important Questions” within the Meaning of Article 18, paragraph 2, of the Charter — Decisions of General Assembly on Questions Relating to Reports and Petitions Concerning Territory of South-West Africa — “Degree of Supervision” of General Assembly in the Matter of Territory of South-West Africa — Whether a Matter of Procedure — Supervision Conforming “so far as possible” with Supervision Exercised by the League of Nations — Whether Implying Continuation of Unanimity Rule Obtaining under Covenant of the League — Whether Voting Procedure under Article 18, paragraph 2, Consistent with Correct Interpretation of Principle that Degree of Supervision of General Assembly Shall Approximate So Far as Possible to That of League of Nations — Interpretation of Previous Advisory Opinion of the Court.

Human rights — Freedom of association — Constitutional protection — Provincial statutes prohibiting lockouts and strikes in public service and providing for compulsory arbitration — Whether amounting to denial of freedom of association — Whether limits reasonably and demonstrably justified in a free and democratic society — ILO Convention (No 87) Concerning Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organize, 1948 — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966, Article 22 — International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 1966, Article 8 — Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948 — Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms 1982

Treaties — Obligation of States — Human rights — Provincial statutes prohibiting lockouts and strikes in public service — Whether statutes violate Canada’s international legal obligations — International conventions and declarations — ILO Convention (No 87) Concerning Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organize, 1948 — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966, Article 22 — International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 1966, Article 8 — Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948 — Aid in interpretation of provisions of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, 1982 — Whether freedom of association including the right to strike — Whether limits imposed by statutes justified — The law of Canada

Treaties — Interpretation of — Principles and Rules of — Interpretation in Accordance with General Intention of the Parties.

Air Law — Meaning of Term “International Transportation” — Warsaw Convention of 1929 — Burden of Proof of “Wilful Misconduct” for Purpose of Avoiding Limitation of Liability — What Constitutes “Wilful Misconduct” — Effect of Omission of Particulars from Ticket — Interpretation of Treaties — Interpretation in Accordance with General Intention of the Parties.

Permanent Court of International Justice — Jurisdiction — Preliminary Objection to — The Necessity of the Consideration of the Merits.

Claims — Defendants — Joint responsibility — Alleged wrongdoing by more than one State — Trusteeship Agreement conferring authority over territory upon three States — Actual administration conducted by one State — Alleged violations of Trusteeship Agreement — Whether three States incurring joint responsibility — Whether liability joint and several — Application to International Court of Justice against one of the three States — Whether application admissible in absence of the other States — Claim for compensation — Waiver — Whether claims waived by claimant State — Whether waiver must be explicit — Whether claims can be waived prior to independence — Lapse of time — When claim will be barred through lapse of time

Environment — Damage to the environment — Duty to rehabilitate lands damaged by mining — Nauru — Phosphate mining — Rehabilitation of lands worked out during period of trusteeship — Liability of former trustees — Nauru Trusteeship Agreement, 1947 — Nauru Island Agreement, 1919 — Effect of transfer of phosphate industry to Nauru on independence

International Court of Justice — Jurisdiction — Contentious cases — Article 36(2) of the Statute of the Court — Reservations to declarations under Article 36(2) — Reservation in respect of disputes in which the parties have agreed to other form of dispute settlement — Requirement of agreement between States — Admissibility — Application affecting third States — Monetary Gold rule — Allegation of breach of trusteeship by three States — Application brought against only one State — Whether determination of responsibility of that State would necessarily determine responsibility of the other two States — Article 59 of the Statute of the Court

International organizations — United Nations — Trusteeship — Nature of trusteeship — United Nations Charter, 1945, Article 76 — Termination of trusteeship — Whether former trust territory entitled to bring claim for breach of trusteeship after independence — Whether termination of trusteeship by General Assembly operates as discharge for former administering authority — Nauru — Trusteeship conferred upon three States as joint administering authority — Whether one of those States can be held responsible for alleged breach of trusteeship obligations

State responsibility — Nature of State responsibility — Whether notion of joint and several liability exists in international law — Joint authority for territory — Nauru — Joint authority of three States for Nauru — Alleged violations of international obligations — Whether all three States incurring responsibility — Whether each State responsible for full extent of damage

Territory — Trust territories — Nauru — Administration by Australia on behalf of itself, New Zealand and the United Kingdom — Phosphate mining on Nauru — Responsibility for rehabilitation of worked out lands — Whether Australia incurring responsibility — Whether all three States jointly responsible

States as international persons — In general — Recognition of acts of foreign States and Governments — Application to dismiss antitrust action — Whether Court precluded from a determination of the effect of alleged unlawful activities on the decisions of a foreign Government — Act of State doctrine — The law of the United States

Conclusiveness of Statements of the Executive Department — How Far Limiting Judicial Determination — The Law of the United States.

Jurisdiction — Immunity from — Foreign States — Agency Created by Foreign State — Conclusiveness of Statements of the Executive Department — How Far Limiting Judicial Determination — The Law of the United States