Short-course regimens are currently explored to improve multidrug-resistant tuberculosis effects, reduce costs, as well as enhance patient adherence. Currently, we are determining the most cost-effective shorter regimen out of seven short-course regimens (6–9 months) to treat drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) compared to the current standard of care (SoC) 9- to 11-month regimen.

Cost-effectiveness of various short-course DR-TB treatment regimens, namely BEAT, BPaL, BPaLM, BPaLC, mBPaL1, mBPaL2, and mBPaL3, was compared to the current SoC in India. Decision tree model was used from a health system perspective. The information on various costs – such as preinvestigations, regimens, adverse drug reactions (ADRs) management, inpatient treatment – and on effect – such as clinical outcomes and ADRs – was collected from different published sources. It estimated costs, quality-adjusted life years, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs). Sensitivity analyses were performed to validate outcomes against the willingness-to-pay threshold.

When all the short-course regimens were compared with the current SoC regimen, the ICERs were ₹5,385, ₹2,014, ₹2,008, ₹2,435, ₹1,462, ₹1,159, and ₹1,895 for BEAT, BPaL, BPaLM, BPaLC, mBPaL1, mBPaL2, and mBPaL3, respectively. Among the short-course regimens, mBPaL2 is the dominant strategy, and mBPaL1 has extended dominance. For all Bedaquiline-containing regimens, the cost of the drug is a crucial factor in determining cost effectiveness. The cost-effectiveness acceptability curve showed that all shorter regimens were 100 percent cost-effective.

The implementation of Bedaquiline-based regimen to treat DR-TB has become more effective, shorter in duration, and less burdensome to the health system.

Evaluate how a foundation-supported fellowship employs early health-technology assessment (eHTA) to guide the development and positioning of emerging health innovations.

We reviewed all eHTA reports conducted under the Fellowship from 2018 to 2021 (n = 10), extracting technology class, development stage, economic modeling, and recommendations. In 2023, we conducted thirty-minute structured video interviews with developers of each technology (eleven invitees, ten responses). The interview comprised Likert questions on perceived usefulness and intention to update the model in later stages, and six open-ended questions on perceived advantages, implementation barriers, and downstream actions. Likert data were summarized descriptively; open-ended responses were summarized and discussed within the research team until consensus on key themes.

The eHTA subject technologies were four diagnostics, three therapeutics, two predictive algorithms, and one curative device, all preclinical. Analyses used six Markov or decision-tree frameworks, four hybrid models or simulations, and six value-based-pricing scenarios. Five technologies were potentially cost-effective, three conditionally cost-effective, one unlikely to be cost-effective without stronger evidence, and one cost-effective yet unlikely to break even. Eight developers rated eHTA “useful” or “very useful”; three had already leveraged results in grant or investor materials and two planned to do so when more data emerged. Reported barriers included evidence gaps, funding constraints, and misalignment with pharmaceutical partners on codevelopment strategies; two projects were discontinued.

eHTA supplies developers with early economic insight, but its guidance is most reliable when interpreted alongside budget impact, feasibility, regulatory, and adoption considerations.

Health technology assessment of medical devices (HTA-MDs) presents unique challenges compared to pharmaceuticals. Total MD expenditure continues to grow in Europe, and countries typically conduct their own HTA-MDs evaluations, with varying institutionalization arrangements. European Union’s (EU’s) HTA Regulation aims to establish collaborative clinical assessments across Member States, potentially expediting the path from EU safety certification of MDs to pricing and reimbursement decisions. This study aims to identify emergent configurations among institutionalizations of HTA-MDs in the EU, European Economic Area (EEA), and European Free Trade Association (EFTA) countries.

Publicly available data were cross-sectionally collected for EU, EEA, and EFTA countries until August 2024 to allow a cross-country analysis of HTA-MDs institutionalizations. Countries were included if they had at least one publicly mandated body for HTA-MDs. Data sources were scientific databases, institutional websites, and HTA bodies’ documentation. A framework of 16 elements, qualitatively describing the institutionalization of HTA-MDs, was developed based on a document review and used as a dataset for agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis to identify patterns of HTA-MDs institutionalization.

The 21 included countries formed three clusters: Cluster 1 featured regulatory-focused, legally bound HTA-MDs systems with mandatory assessments determining reimbursement decisions; Cluster 2 was characterized by regulatory functions, external expert collaboration, formal prioritization processes, and organized Horizon Scanning; Cluster 3 showed recommendatory functions, nonmandatory assessments, and limited impact on reimbursement decisions.

HTA-MDs institutionalizations could benefit from implementing prioritization processes of evaluations, establishing networks of collaborative assessment centers, and ensuring links between evaluations and reimbursement decisions.

To systematize the information and perspectives shared during the 2024 LATAM policy forum, which explored advancements in horizon scanning and early dialogue processes in the region, by analyzing the main discussion and identifying the main lessons.

This article is based on the discussions and background materials provided during the 1.5 days in-person 2024 Latin American Policy Forum (59 representatives from 11 countries). We gathered and systematized the information shared during the forum, including the results of a pre-forum survey. The Forum agenda included keynote presentations, breakout group activities, and plenary discussions to identify the main lessons and key messages from all different stakeholders’ points of view.

The forum highlighted the growing recognition of the need for structured horizon scanning and early dialogue processes in Latin America. Key barriers were identified, including the absence of clear legal frameworks, limited data availability, and the need for capacity-building. Potential solutions included fostering regional cooperation, improving transparency, and creating pilot programs for early engagement. Engaging patients and the pharmaceutical industry was deemed essential for trust and foster alignment between HTA agencies and regulators.

Horizon scanning and early dialogue represent critical tools for improving health system preparedness and aligning innovation with local needs. Their implementation, however, requires coordinated efforts across multiple stakeholders, enhanced dialogue, and the development of supportive legal and regulatory frameworks.

Life-cycle health technology assessment (HTA) requires an index economic model to establish how estimated cost-effectiveness evolves with emerging evidence. We developed an open-source index economic evaluation of entrectinib, a tumor-agnostic therapy with conditional market authorization. Our objective was to replicate the initial HTA report from publicly available information, aiming to identify key operational and methodological aspects for operationalizing life-cycle decision-making.

We used partitioned survival analysis to determine tumor-agnostic and tumor-specific cost-effectiveness, using publicly available HTA reviews for parameterization. We estimated incremental costs in 2021 Canadian and US dollars (CAD and USD) from a public-payer healthcare perspective, quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), and incremental net monetary benefit (INMB). We assessed the impact of treatment effectiveness, extrapolation assumptions, and next-generation sequencing (NGS) costs.

One-third of the parameters (n = 30) were unavailable in the Canadian reimbursement review and were sourced from international reviews. Tumor-agnostic incremental costs were CAD 68,451 (95 percent confidence interval: 35,466, 92,155) and USD 54,608 (28,294, 73,518), and QALYs were 0.13 (−0.42, 0.42), yielding INMB CAD −55,803 at 100,000/QALY (USD −44,518). Full extrapolation of treatment effectiveness also yielded negative INMB (CAD −66,664). Inclusion of NGS costs diminished the expected value. Heterogeneity was considerable across tumor indications.

We developed an open-source index economic evaluation to operationalize life-cycle HTA for a conditionally authorized tumor-agnostic therapy. Our findings outline key operational and methodological considerations necessary for the development of index economic models that support life-cycle HTA, offering insights into their potential integration into regular HTA and policy decision-making processes.

Health economic evaluations are important for healthcare resource allocation. Reviews of health economic evaluations for medical devices have highlighted concerns about the quality of these studies. The complexity of medical devices, including learning curve effects, organizational impact, dynamic pricing, low evidence, and incremental innovation presents unique challenges compared with pharmaceuticals. To support developing a methodological quality assessment instrument for medical device economic evaluations, we conducted a systematic review to identify and evaluate existing economic evaluation quality assessment instruments for suitability in medical device evaluations.

A comprehensive search of databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, EconLit, CINAHL, and Web of Science) and grey literature was conducted. Two reviewers screened titles and abstracts. Full-text, peer-reviewed primary studies introducing original instruments were included. Only methodological quality assessment instruments were considered for data extraction. Each item was assessed for its suitability in evaluating medical device economic evaluations and inclusion of medical device-specific features.

The search identified 4203 citations and 77 grey literature sources. Fifteen results underwent full-text assessment, with five relevant instruments identified. A previous systematic review identified 10 additional instruments, which we also considered. Of these 25 articles, 13 were included in the review. These instruments lack specificity for medical devices, particularly in addressing features like learning curve effects, organizational impact, and incremental innovation. Instruments should include items specific to these unique characteristics.

Existing instruments contain general items related to health economic evaluation studies, highlighting the need for an instrument specifically tailored to evaluate the methodological quality of medical device economic evaluation studies.

Globally, several health technology assessment (HTA) agencies have started to incorporate environmental considerations into their assessments, given healthcare systems’ substantial environmental footprint. In Canada, two HTA agencies, the Canadian Drug Agency and the Institut national d’excellence en santé et en services sociaux, have announced measures to help mitigate healthcare’s contribution to climate change. Our aim was to review reports from both agencies to identify those incorporating environmental considerations.

We retrieved reports published between 1 May 2023 and 1 December 2024 by the two agencies.

We identifed 202 reports, of which eleven were included. These reports covered diverse technologies, with greenhouse gas emissions and waste production being the most frequently considered environmental dimensions. Parallel evaluation was the predominant method for integrating environmental considerations. We believe that the limited number of reports included may reflect the challenges of incorporating such considerations into HTAs.

By addressing these challenges, HTA agencies could play a pivotal role in guiding decisions that align with environmental goals.

The aim of this study is to develop a patient-level model for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) progression that can estimate the cost-effectiveness of T2DM interventions from prevention to management.

We developed an individual-level microsimulation model, the Institute of Health Economics Diabetes Model (IHE-DM), that simulates: (i) T2DM progression from normal glucose tolerance (NGT) to T2DM, (ii) the occurrence and timing of eight comorbidities and death, and (iii) the correlated progression of risk factors over time. We report model validation and use a case study to investigate the cost-effectiveness of a hypothetical T2DM prevention program.

The internal validation indicated excellent performance with mean absolute differences between the predicted and observed values for all endpoints of less than 1 percent. External validation results were mixed. The model under-predicted cumulative T2DM incidence in the first 8 years, predicted well from years eight through eleven, and over-predicted from years twelve through fifteen. Our case study estimated an incremental net monetary benefit of CAD 2,701 (USD 2,289) (95% Uncertainty Interval: CAD 1,316 to 4,000 [USD 1,115 to 3,390]) over the 15-year time horizon.

Prominent T2DM models focus on patients with diagnosed T2DM whereas our model simulates progression from NGT to T2DM and incorporates important correlations in the progression of risk factors. These adaptations allow us to evaluate preventative interventions and better capture the long-term impacts, filling an important gap in the evidence base. Our model can be used to inform future funding decisions for T2DM interventions across the care continuum.

To explore the view of nonlayperson committee members on the added value of a discrete choice experiment (DCE) instrument to measure patient and committee member preferences for a health intervention.

Nine semistructured interviews were conducted with voting members from two types of advisory committees in Quebec, Canada: one from the Ministry of Health and Social Services, and eight from the Health Technology Assessment (HTA) agency. The DCE instrument, administrable to patients (i.e., pregnant women) and committee members, was developed and administered to both groups to measure their preferences about the addition of fetal chromosomal anomalies to a prenatal screening program. A conceptual framework consisting of three dimensions (relative advantage, compatibility, and complexity) was used for data collection and analyses.

Committee members considered the DCE instrument, when used with both patients and committee members, to be particularly valuable in raising awareness of potential biases. These biases, generated by committee members’ interests and disciplinary perspectives, can reduce the importance of the patient perspective in decision making by advisory committees.

This qualitative study provides insight into the perceptions of nonlayperson advisory committee members regarding the added value of a DCE instrument administered to patients and committee members regarding an intervention. Additional studies are required to explore the perceptions of other stakeholders (e.g., managers, patients, and public representatives) regarding the application of DCE and to assess its impact on HTA recommendations regarding the value of new health interventions.

This assessment aimed to identify the degree and parameters of demand for support from HTAsiaLink, the Asia regional health technology assessment (HTA) hub, for HTA ecosystem development.

A sequential, exploratory, mixed-method design was implemented, starting with a literature review to define the Asia region’s HTA landscape. Then an online survey was sent to 125 Asia-focused HTA practitioners and support organizations to obtain their thoughts on HTA development needs and how a regional hub could serve them. Finally, fifty purposively selected key informants representing government HTA agencies in Asia, funding partner organizations, philanthropic foundations, global HTA support, and regional HTA hub organizations were invited to participate in semi-structured interviews. Nineteen Asian countries and territories were represented in documents reviewed. Twenty-five recipients from ten Asian countries and territories responded to the survey, and twenty-eight individuals from eight Asian countries and territories plus eight international organizations participated in interviews.

Identified needs include support to fill HTA human resources gaps, strengthen the capacity of the existing HTA workforce, produce HTA public goods, improve harmonization within and across country systems, and strengthen political will. Other important considerations include the need to adapt the hub’s purpose to an expanding role and adopt sustainable financing approaches accordingly.

Demand for an HTA hub in Asia is high, including to support HTA technical, deliberative processes, and institutional capacity strengthening. Findings underscore the importance of both conducting HTAs and fostering demand for HTA output. HTAsiaLink is recognized as well-positioned to play an expanded support role to address these needs.

This study aimed to evaluate the required test characteristics that a psoriatic arthritis (PsA) biomarker test would need to achieve to be considered cost-effective.

We adapted an existing Markov model to compare a hypothetical biomarker with current practice. The model followed a patient cohort aged 45 years with moderate psoriasis (PsO) in which PsA was prevalent but unrecognized over a 40-year time horizon. Patients were assumed to be routinely seen at a dermatology clinic. In the current practice arm, patients with PsA were clinically detected. In the biomarker arm, a hypothetical test was assumed to be administered at baseline. Patients who screened positive would accept a combination of conventional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs and targeted treatment to slow disease progression. Progression was modeled as linear changes in Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) scores. We varied the sensitivity, specificity, and biomarker price based on current development progress. Scenario analyses considered alternative patient cohorts with mild and severe PsO separately.

The base case showed that a biomarker test with 70 percent sensitivity, 80 percent specificity, and a price of US$500 would be cost-effective (incremental cost-effectiveness ratio US$47,566 per quality-adjusted life-year [QALY]). Three-way analyses showed that a test with 80 percent specificity could be cost-effective at a US$50,000 per QALY threshold with a sensitivity as low as 66 percent at US$500. Only a near-perfect test would be cost-effective at a US$1,000 price point. Results were sensitive to HAQ progression under treatment, therapy costs, and the patient population.

This study supports the continued product development of candidate PsA biomarkers.