The relationship between neurocognitive course and clinical and functional outcomes in psychosis is not well known, especially in the long term.

The aim of the study was to examine the clinical and neuropsychological course of first psychotic episode patients at 5 follow-up years and analyze the relationship between cognitive performance and clinical and functional outcome.

The five follow-up years was conducted with 26 (58%) of patients recruited who met inclusion criteria and provided informed consent to participate. Psychotic symptoms were measured by Positive and Negative Symptom Scale, manic and depressive symptoms by Young Mania Rating Scale and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale respectively, and psychosocial functioning by Functioning Assessment Short Test. We used repeated measures analysis, Kruskal Wallis and linear regression models (SPSS 18.0).

Patients experienced symptomatic improvement in the follow up except in negative psychotic symptoms (F = .149; p < .862). There was also improvement in most cognitive domains: executive functions (F = 9,368; p = .006), logic memory (F = 12.091; p = .002), attention (F = 4,967; p = .035) and abstract reasoning (F = 14.816; p = .001), except in working memory (F = .337; p = .567) and processing speed (F = 2.463; p = .130). in linear regression analysis working memory was significantly related with psychotic negative symptoms (B = −4.722; p = .035) and with the psychosocial functioning (B = −5.396; p = .053).

There was improvement in most cognitive domains and a symptomatic and functional recovery in first psychotic episode patients in the long term. Working memory impairment was associated with negative psychotic symptoms and functional outcomes, so effective therapeutic interventions could improve outcome of patients.

Yet, little is known regarding the significance of cognitive neuroscience, especially the using of its indices as biomarkers for Psychogenic tremor (PsTr).

To investigate whether the cognitive neuroscience have a significance in patients with PsTr, in particular for the purposes of the screening and monitoring of the disorder.

Thirty-five patients with PsTr (mean age 61.29 ± 11.74 years, range 12–90 years) were investigated. As control groups served thirty-four patients with Essential tremor (mean age 59.71 ± 12.60 years, range 11–86 years), thirty-one patients with Parkinson's disease (mean age 61.24 ± 12.74 years, range 12–89 years), and thirty-two clinically healthy individuals (mean age 27.14 ± 9.17 years, range 17–37 years). Both simple and complex cognitive neuroscience's indices were examined. We applied ANOVA-test, correlation and simple as well multiple regression analyses.

The performed differential comparative analysis of the investigated parameters of the cognitive neuroscience's indices revealed that the most informative (p < 0.05) factors (in descending series of the informative-ness) were as follows: 1. complex cognitive neuroscience's index with differential informativeness 0.96; 2. simple cognitive neuroscience's index with differential informativeness 0.93. Similar (p < 0.05) groups in conformity with the investigated nosological groups were obtained.

The results we obtained showed that the cognitive neuroscience may have an implication (p < 0.05) for screening and monitoring of Psychogenic tremor.

Most patients with organic and symptomatic mental disorders due to endocrine disease have varying degrees of cognitive impairment.

The study involved 281 patients with primary hypothyroidism, aged 36 to 59 years.

Establishing mechanisms for the formation of cognitive disorders in patients with organic and symptomatic mental disorders due to primary hypothyroidism.

MMSE, cognitive induced potentials P300.

In patients with primary hypothyroidism organic mental disorders with cognitive disabilities from mild to moderate manifested in 30.9%. Neuropsychological study found lower overall cognitive performance and dependency on the stage dysmetabolical encephalopathy (DME): mild cognitive impairment (27–25 points for the MMSE) at the first stage of DME, mild to moderate cognitive disorders (24-21 points for the MMSE) at the second stage, at the third stage of DME in 36.5% of patients diagnosed dementia. the study of cognitive induced potentials of patients with primary hypothyroidism revealed increased latency peak P300 to 369 ± 21 ms (p < 0,05) relative to controls (320 ± 18 ms) and decreased resulting waves are neurophysiological correlates of brain fatigue in hypothyroid conditions.

The ways of optimization of diagnosis and treatment of patients with cognitive disorders who are in early intervention at the stage of functional psychosomatic disorders, the diagnosis of factors, etiopathogenetic significant in the development of cognitive disorders and their correction.

TBI is a significant health problem which often affects young people with high life expectancy and it is associated with a high rate of psychological morbidity. Symptoms such lack of attention and apathy are responsible for a significant degree of discomfort that interferes negatively on the quality of life. Cognitive remediation and treatment with stimulants seem to be useful in these patients, however, few studies are been conducted about the most appropriate management of TBI patients.

Systematic review the existing evidence on the combined use of psychostimulants and cognitive remediation in the treatment of attention problems in patients with TBI.

Performs search in PUBMED and PsycINFO of randomized controlled trials in TBI patients with a psychostimulants and cognitive remediation groups. Analyses the effect of these interventions in a variety of measures attention.

Randomized controlled trials have examined the combined effect of psychostimulants and cognitive rehabilitation. Preliminary results indicate that the mix of strategies is more effective than cognitive rehabilitation and the use of psychostimulants separately. It is described the effectiveness of the combination as well as psychostimulants used and the effect on other symptoms as apathy and slackness.

The effectiveness of both treatments warranted of protocols standardized in the early management of attention difficulties in patients with TBI.

Amnesia is usually attributed to distinct brain damage and represents an inability to acquire new memories for long-term storage (anterograde amnesia). Retrograde amnesia - The inability to recall previously stored information - is rarer and often etiologically -linked to psychological factors. We currently witness an increased interest in the neurobiology of dissociative and disproportionate amnesias. the latter typically arise after (mild) traumatic brain injury, but cannot be explained by the locus or extent of brain damage.

This work's objectives are establishing recognition of clinical, neuropsychological and neurobiological characteristics of amnesias of psychological etiology and distinguishing true from feigned amnesias.

We aim to emphasize that amnesic conditions that are etiologically linked to psychological factors are more frequent than usually assumed and discuss implications for diagnosis and management.

In addition to own research data, a comprehensive review of case reports and series of amnesias related to psychological factors was performed.

As DSM-IV-TR implies, most amnesias of psychological etiology are retrograde. Anterograde amnesia however might also occur. Modern neuroimaging has evidenced metabolic, structural and hodological brain changes in affected patients and even indicated that metabolic changes might be reversed following successful treatment and memory recovery.

Amnesias of psychological etiology is more common than previously assumed. They might co-occur with mild head injury and even more serious brain pathology. Their prompt diagnosis and treatment - which are imperative for minimizing chronic disability - might be aided by insights from combined use of functional and structural brain imaging.

Acquired brain injury (ABI) refers to a lesion in a normal brain. Independently of its etiology - traumatic brain injury, ischemic or hemorrhagic cerebrovascular accidents, meningitis, cerebral tumors, etc. - there is a loss of cerebral functions that mediate and control the sensory motor system, cognitive and emotional functioning.Cognitive rehabilitation should be provided as part of the medical treatment after ABI to reduce its impact on the daily functioning of patients

The present study examined the effects of cognitive remediation in reducing cognitive deficits observed in patients with ABI, in neurocognitive domains such as attention and vigilance, executive functioning, speed of processing, verbal learning and memory, and working memory.

Patients (n = 11) were evaluated with “Bateria de Lisboa Avaliação de Demências”, Rey Complex Figure Test, Trail Making Test, Weschler Memory Scale, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and Attentional Matrices. Non-Parametric Wilcoxon signed-rank test was performed to compare a single sample before and after cognitive remediation in patients with acquired brain injury.

Cognitive remediation was associated with significant improvements across neurocognitive domains such as attention and vigilance, remote memory, cognitive flexibility and capacity to change between tasks, logic memory, short term visual memory, associative memory, long term visual memory, visual memory, working memory and executive functioning measured trough Wisconsin Card Sorting Test total number of errors, perseverative errors and percent conceptual level responses.

Cognitive remediation produces significant improvements in cognitive performance and, when combined with neuropsychological rehabilitation, also improves functional outcomes.

The primary objective of this study was to identify the factors governing cognitive function of primary school children in Pakistan.

This was a prospective observational study conducted in 2 governments and 2 low class private public schools in a small district of Pakistan.

Two hundred children (90 male, 110 female), age 7–12 years class 3, 4 and 5 were assessed using McCarthy scale of child cognition. Child health, immunization status/immunization compliance, play facilities, parental education, parental income, child parenting (mother/father/both/relatives), parent-child interaction time, family system (single/extended), family income were assessed against child cognitive function.Data was analysed using SPSS 18.

Girls demonstrated better mathematical ability and memory (p < 0.05). 5.5% children may have missed/poor compliance with immunization. 1.5% children were parented by single mother, 3% with fathers and 0.5% were parented by with relatives. Better play facilities, compliance with immunization, parental education, parental income, a minimum of 3 hours interaction time had a positive impact on child cognitive function (all p < 0.05). Single family system was observed in 62%, extended family system 38% children. Extended family system was not associated with adverse child cognition (p > 0.05)

Better health, play facilities, immunization, parental education, parental income, a minimum of 3 hours interaction time has a positive impact on child cognitive function. Overall girls demonstrated better cognitive skills compared to boys. Family system (single/extended) does not effect the child cognition and development in rural areas of Pakistan.

The primary objective of this study was to assess the impact of parental education on child cognition in Pakistan.

This was a prospective observational study conducted in 2 governments and 2 low class private public schools in a small district of Pakistan. Study was approved by the head teachers of schools.

Two hundred children (90 male, 110 female), age 7–12 years class 3, 4 and 5 were assessed using McCarthy scale of child cognition. the educational status of parents was recorded. Each child underwent 5 verbal and linguistic tests, Mathematical ability by 3 tests, Reasoning in conversation on a scale of 1–7. Memory and Gross movements were also assessed as per scale. One way ANOVA test was applied using SPSS 18.

Parental data revealed uneducated 13.5%, up to primary education 9.5%, up to metric (O level) 35%, up to FA/FSc (A level) 13%, up to BA/BSc or equivalent 13%, masters levels (MA/MSc) and above16%.

Significant enhancement in 4 out of 5 skills including linguistic skills, mathematical ability, memory and gross fine movements were observed with increasing parental education (p < 0.05).

Improved parental education demonstrated significant improvement in child cognitive function. There is a need for higher level of education and literacy in Pakistan for better future of children.

The primary objective of this study was to assess the impact of parent-child interaction and parental control on child cognition in Pakistan.

This was a prospective observational study conducted in 2 governments and 2 low class private public schools in a small district of Pakistan.

Two hundred children (90 male, 110 female), age 7–12 years class 3, 4 and 5 were assessed using McCarthy scale of child cognition. the purposeful educational and interaction time amongst parents and children recorded. Parental control on children was classified as 1= no/very minimal control, 5= very strict control (children with set timetables for study, play and entertainment activities). One way ANOVA test was applied using SPSS 18.

Majority (80.5%) of the parents spent 1–3 hours with their children. (25% = 1 hr, 31% = 2 hours, 24.5% = 3 hours). the cognitive function improved with increased interaction time; however the average scores did were not significantly different in 2 to 4 (median 3 hr) hour interaction times. Only 4 children spend over 5 hours a day with their parents performed exceptionally well in reasoning compared to other children. Improved cognitive function observed with increasing level of parental control (all p values < 0.05).

Three hour parent-child interaction is required to achieve average cognitive score. A pragmatic approach to child education, play facilities and entertainment result in better cognitive score in primary school children in Pakistan. Local studies may be required to generalize these results.

Research into mechanisms of interaction between growth and inhibitory proteins of the CNS and behavioral expressions of healthy and disordered brain is one of the contemporary topics. A knockdown model with decreased expression of Nogo-A protein in neurons was developed on the genetic background of Sprague-Dawley wildtypes. Disruption of this inhibitory factor was hypothesized to result in behavioral abnormalities, which were studied both in young, middle age (6 months) and aged (12 months) rats.

Animals were tested in a battery of Carousel maze variants with various demands for segregation of spatial information and flexibility; animals avoided an unmarked sector of either stable or rotating arena; moreover the sector could be defined in room- or arena-frame. A shortened Carousel maze battery and Morris water maze (MWM) including one- trial matching-to-place and reversal configurations was used.

Nogo-A-deficient rats were impaired in the final phases of the Carousel maze battery but their spatial working memory tested in the MWM was intact. Middle-aged and aged groups were differently affected in the battery, but deficits in young animals were observed not to be worsened with ageing. Concept of multidirectional age-related alterations in this animal model is further supported by biochemical brain changes.

Nogo-A-deficient rats may serve as an extremely useful model of neurodevelopmental deficit, which may manifest by behavioral changes accessible to phenotyping and in-depth analysis. Relevance of this approach for animal models of neuropsychiatric models will be discussed.

Genetic basis of complex traits including behavioral phenotypes are often studied in animal (such as rodent) sets of the recombinant inbred (RI) strains. This study evaluated hippocampus-dependent learning in the active place avoidance, referred here to as Carousel maze, in the HXB/BXH recombinant inbred (RI) strains (N = 30) derived from SHR/Ola and BN-Lx/Cub strains.

The Carousel maze involves avoidance of a stable unmarked sector on a slowly rotating circular arena. Moreover, we recorded the open-field behavior and beam-walking performance in the RI set.

We observed large inter-strain variability in the carousel arena performance and analysis of within/between-strain variances suggested a significant heritability. We have analyzed possible genetic determinants of this parameter using a web-based tool www.genenetwork.org. We detected no significant QTL for learning, suggesting that learning in HXB/BXH RI strains is determined by many loci rather than oligogenetically. From previously published phenotypes, we observed significant correlations of maximum time avoided on the final reversal session with several metabolic and cardiovascular traits. Maximum time avoided on the final reversal session also showed two suggestive QTLs and a significant QTL for locomotor activity. Several correlations with cardiovascular traits were detected.

A more detailed elaboration of behavioral parameters including further QTL mapping and also analysis of covariance of multiple parameters from the Carousel maze and open-field test with physiological traits and gene expression will contribute to understanding of regulatory genetic relationships between these phenotypes.

To demonstrate whether communication phenomenon of brain electrical activity, NOT through conventional sense such as look⌧listen⌧touch⌧smell⌧taste⌧related to emotional or cognitive content, between two adults individual (named as SENDER and RECEIVER) exists.

Applying high density ERP technique, using CAPS⌧CAFPS as stimuli⌧compare the information of ERP differences on RECEIVER at the same time the SENDER perform a standard categorization task which lead to significant difference in ERP.

The ERP of SENDER show difference significantly in the s1 (neutral pictures), s2 (extremely negative pictures), simultaneously, under the different stimuli of SENDER, the ERP of RECEIVER show that there is the significant difference in late potentials between s2 and s1. There is no difference between happy face⌧sad face⌧angry face⌧pictures in ERP of RECEIVER.

The communication between brain electrical activity of two separated subjects isolated from five sensory channels may occur,it may occur at the same time or delay, Cognitive and emotional experience may arouse electrical activity of different brain region, the detail of communication tend to affective content about self - experience.

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is one of the common gastrointestinal disorders considered as an psychosomatic disorder. the purpose of this study was to compare behavioral activation system and behavioral inhibition system between patients with irritable bowel syndrome and normal individuals.

In a case-control study, a group of 160 people, 80 IBS patients diagnosed by gastroenterologist selected from two gastroenterology clinics in city of Esfahan; and 80 healthy people (With regard to age, sex and education) filled out brain/behavioral questionnaires of Carver and White.

The ANCOVA analysis has shown that the activity of behavioral inhibition system in IBS patients is significantly higher than the control group. in spite of the high rate of behavioral activation in healthy people, the difference was not significant.

The results has shown that the IBS patients tend to have more negative emotions.