Worse sleep quality and increased inflammatory markers in women with schizophrenia (Sch) have been reported (Lee et al. 2019). However, the physiological mechanisms underlying the interplay between sleep and the inflammatory pathways are not yet well understood (Fang et al. 2016).

Analyze the relationship between Neutrophil/Lymphocyte (NLR), Monocyte/Lymphocyte (MLR) and Platelet/Lymphocyte (PLR) ratios, and insomnia in Sch stratified by sex.

Final sample included 176 Sch patients (ICD-10 criteria) [mean age: 38.9±13.39; males: 111(63.1%)]. Assessment: PANSS, Calgary Depression Scale (CDSS), and Oviedo Sleep Questionnaire (OSQ) to identify a comorbid diagnosis of insomnia based on ICD-10. Fasting counting blood cell were performed to calculate ratios. Statistics: U Mann-Whitney, logistic regression.

Insomnia as comorbid diagnosis was present in 22 Sch (12.5%) with no differences between sex [14 males (12.6%), 8 females (12.3%)], neither in their age. Female patients with insomnia showed increased NLR [2.44±0.69 vs. 1.88±0.80, U=122.00 (p=0.034)]. However, no differences in PLR and MLR were found, neither in any ratio in males. Regression models using insomnia as dependent variable and covariates (age, PANSS-positive, PANSS-negative, CDSS) were estimated. Females: presence of insomnia was associated with NLR [OR=3.564 (p=0.032)], PANSS-positive [OR=1.263 (p=0.013)] and CDSS [OR=1.198 (p=0.092)]. Males: only PANSS-positive [OR=1.123 (p=0.027)] and CDSS scores [OR=1.220 (p=0.005)] were associated with insomnia.

NLR represent an inflammatory marker of insomnia in Sch but only in female patients. Improving sleep quality in these patients could help to decrease their inflammatory response.

No significant relationships.

Executives functions (EF) are cognitive processes mediating the ability to successfully regulate thoughts and behaviours in order to fulfil a goal. EF impairment has been found both in the Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and in the Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD). Deficits in EF may have a major impact on patients’ everyday life.

The aim of this study was to evaluate EF in a population with a dual diagnosis of Adult ADHD et AUD. We also evaluated the correlation between EF and the dimensions of quality of life.

For this observational multicentric study, we included patients with AUD starting long-term residential treatment. We used ASRS v.1.1 to screen for Adult ADHD and DIVA to confirm the diagnosis. We assess EF with BRIEF-A. WHOQoL-BREF was used to evaluate quality of life.

Our population consists of 49 patients. Adult ADHD prevalence was 24,49%. Impairment score of all EF explored (Inhibition, Shifting, Emotional Control, Self-Monitoring, Initiative, Working Memory, Planning/Organizing, Organization of materials, Task Monitoring) was higher in patients with co-occuring Adult ADHD and AUD than in patients without Adult ADHD (p<0,001). We found strong negative correlation between Psychological Health and impairment score of Inhibition (p<0,001), Emotion Control (p<0,001), Self-Monitoring (p<0,001) and planning/Organizing (p<0,001). The other dimensions of quality of life were poorly correlated to EF impairment.

The prevalence of Adult ADHD in AUD patients is high. When AUD and Adult ADHD coexist, EF impairment is stronger and quality of life is poorer. Psychological health and EF impairment are strongly associated.

Co-morbidity between Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Substance Use Disorders (SUD) is considered to be about 25–50% in adults. Several studies show vulnerability factors to later SUD to be associated with childhood ADHD features, such as conduct problems, untreated ADHD and maltreatment.

To define childhood ADHD associated factors that predispose to SUD.

Specifically, comorbidity with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD), temperamental traits, academic failure, familial SUD history, childhood maltreatment and subtype, severity and age of treatment of ADHD symptoms.

A comparative study was carried out in a sample of ADHD adults from the Department of Psychiatry H.U. Vall d’Hebron. Both groups, ADHD and ADHD+SUD subjects underwent the following assessment protocol: Conners Adult ADHD Diagnostic Interview for DSM-IV (CAADID-I & II), Wender Utath Rating Scale (WURS), SCID-I, SCID-II and K-SDAS.

The total sample (n = 305) consisted of 201 men (66%) with age between 18–61 years. Two groups were compared: 162 ADHD subjects and 143 ADHD+SUD subjects. The ADHD+SUD group had significantly higher rates of comorbidity with ODD and CD, temperamental traits (obstinacy, bad temper, impulsive behavior), maladaptive behaviors at school, familial SUD history, childhood maltreatment, and major severity of the childhood ADHD symptoms. Neither ADHD subtype nor the non-treatment of ADHD during childhood were associated with later SUD.

An important percentage of ADHD children develop a SUD during their lifespan. This study shows that there are childhood factors that are strongly associated with SUD in ADHD subjects.

Cardiovascular disease represent the leading cause of death worldwide, and is also responsible for the consumption of many medical resources, work absenteeism and worse Quality of Life. On the other hand, psychiatric diseases have recently gained more relevance worldwide as one of the principal causes of disability.

Evaluate a possible relationship between cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) and anxious or depressive symptoms.

Observational and cross-sectional study in a non-probabilistic and convenience sample, composed by patients followed on five primary healthcare facilites, who voluntarily accepted to answer the questionnaire through an interview, between July 2020 and January 2021. After an informed consent, a questionnaire was carried out including sociodemographic characterization, presence of cardiovascular disease and/or cardiovascular risk factors and the Portuguese version of HADS. Descriptive and inferential statistics were performed, using Mann-Whitney U test. A value of p<0,05 was considered statistically significant.

Sample of 179 people, 53,1% female, with an average age of 51,05 ± 22,02 years, in which 57,5% had one or more CVRF and 59,8% had CVD and/or CVFR and the most prevalent CVRF were hypertension (48%) and dyslipidemia (43,6%). There was a statistically significant relationship between diabetes and anxiety (p<0,05).

There was a greater prevalence of anxiety symptoms in people with diabetes compared to people without diabetes. This suggests the importance of giving attention to anxiety in patients with diabetes, given the relevance of this comorbidity in their quality of life. The main limitation of the study is related with the sample size.

No significant relationships.

There have been reports of myopathic dysfunction with creatinine kinase (CK) elevation associated with neuroleptics, particularly, in clozapine-treated patients. The patients in these reports did not have any other clinical symptoms or signs indicative of neuropleptic malignant syndrome. Myopathic dysfunction was supported by the presence of CK elevations and either proximal limb weakness or fatigue, characteristic electrophysiologic abnormalities, or both. It has also been reported that CK elevation is neither dose nor treatment-duration dependent. The underlying mechanism is still unknown although it has been postulated that it is associated with cytochrome P450 interactions and/or calmodulin antagonism.

To report a case of elevation of CK during treatment with clozapine.

The authors report a case of elevation of CK during treatment with clozapine. A non-systematic review was conducted by searching the PubMed database, using the terms “clozapine”, “myotoxicity”.

A 36-year-old man was admitted after abandoning treatment with clozapine. During the titration of the medication, he developed complaints of muscle fatigue in conjunction with an elevation of CK. CK levels normalized after intravenous hydration and with dose reduction. Furthermore, CK levels would increase with clozapine re-titration.

Clozapine has numerous side effects. Myopathic dysfunction with CK elevation is a possible side effect which could have serious consequences such as renal impairment. In such cases, appropriate treatment should be implemented. Therefore, clinicians should be aware of this potential side effect.

No significant relationships.

The development of adolescent’s autonomy is influenced by both: family and culture. Cross-cultural studies show different autonomy development trajectories and culture-specific family organization tendencies. The comparison of autonomy development in different cultures can help in clarifying universal and culture-dependent aspects of autonomy development.

The present research studies adolescent’s autonomy in context of family functioning in Azerbaijani (Baku) and Russian (Moscow) adolescents.

Family Environmental Scale (FES), Method of unfinished sentences to study adolescent’s autonomy fields («I feel independent when…»), The Separation-Individuation Test of Adolescence (SITA) were used in the study with 201 adolescents, aged from 13 to 18.

Family functioning of adolescents from Moscow is less achievement oriented (U-test, p=0,000), family life is less organized (p=0,000) and controlling (p=0,000). Adolescents in Baku consider the value of independence in families higher (p=0,01).

Context analysis of unfinished sentences shows universal categories of autonomy representation (autonomy in specific activities, autonomy as possibility to be alone) and culture specific representations: adolescents from Moscow describe autonomy more like «independence from others», whereas adolescents from Baku describe autonomy as «the presence of others nearby».

Engulfment Anxiety shows negative correlations (р<0,01) with family cohesion (r=0, -0,474), conflict (r=-0,466) and independence (r=-0,326) for all adolescents, with expressiveness (r=-0,490) and achievement orientation(r=-0,286) by Moscow adolescence and with intellectual-cultural (r=-0,249) and recreational family orientation (r=-0,278) by Baku adolescents.

Autonomy development in families has universal aspects (positive effects of cohesion, etc.), but Moscow adolescents are less focused on others and family in their autonomy development.

No significant relationships.

Since the onset of the pandemic, nurses have been repeatedly exposed to their patients’ COVID-19-related traumatic experiences. Therefore, they are at high risk for Secondary Traumatic Stress (STS), the stress syndrome resulting from helping others who are suffering. Positive psychological outcomes following this vicarious exposure are also likely. Vicarious posttraumatic growth (VPTG) refers to the positive changes from working with patients who themselves have coped with traumatic experiences.

This study aims to examine STS and VPTG among 429 nurses during three lockdowns of the COVID-19 pandemic in Greece.

A repeated cross-sectional survey with a convenience and snowball sampling procedure was conducted. The Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale (STSS), the Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI), the Brief Resilience Scale, and the Brief Cope (BC) were used to measure STS, VPTG, resilience, and coping strategies, respectively.

Nurses in Greece demonstrated high levels of STS at the first lockdown, significantly lower in the second one, which raised again -but not significantly- in the third lockdown. Resilience significantly decreased, whereas VPTG significantly increased across the three lockdowns. Following the escalation of the pandemic nurses in general used significantly more adaptive and less maladaptive coping strategies to deal with the crisis.

Further research is needed to clarify the longitudinal course of the negative and positive psychological effects of the pandemic on healthcare staff. Conclusions can guide the development of interventions to safeguard nurses from the deleterious impacts of the COVID-19 and support them in their process of growth.

No significant relationships.

The COVID-19 pandemic is associated with several psychiatric manifestations leaving undoubtedly psychological consequences. However by escaping death ,do COVID-19 survivors present a higher risk for suicide ?

In this study, we aimed to explore suicidal risk among recovering COVID 19 patients .

Our literature review was based on the PubMed interface and adapted for 2 databases: Science Direct and Google Scholar using the following combination ( suicide [MeSH terms]) AND (COVID-19 survivors[MeSH terms]).

Recovering COVID 19 patients are at risk for developping posttraumatic stress disorder , anxiety , depression and sleep abnormalities , especially in severe forms. Added to that ,cognitive impairment was largely described in COVID 19 causing judgment and reasoning decline. These manifestations would partially explain the suicidiality among survivors regardless to their medical hisotry. Nonetheless,many COVID-19 survivors experience persistent physical symptoms and psychiatric disorders leading to post-COVID syndrome which is associated with increased suicidal ideation and behavior In addition , social factors are considered as a suicide risk factor such as isolation ,loss of loved ones ,loss of job and economic instability .

Over the course of illness , COVID 19 survivors may suffer from psychiatric and medical conditions leading to serieous suicide risk. Therefore ,suicide prevention interventions and appropriate medical management need to be provided to keep survivors alive .

No significant relationships.

Pisa syndrome (PS) is a type of dystonia of rare occurrence, first described in 1972 as an adverse effect of neuroleptic agents. It is used to describe a postural abnormality that includes trunk flexion in the coronal plane and axial rotation, which improves in the supine position.

In this work, we aim to conduct a brief review of Pisa Syndrome aetiology, pathophysiology and treatment.

A non-systematic search was conducted through the PubMed database for “pisa syndrome”. Articles were screened for relevant information on PS aetiology, pathophysiology and treatment.

Pisa syndrome has been associated as an adverse effect of multiple drugs from different classes, mainly antipsychotics, dopaminergic agents and cholinesterase inhibitors. The underlying mechanisms are not yet fully understood. Nevertheless, one of the most consensual hypothesis considers PS as a consequence of a cholinergic-dopaminergic imbalance that can be caused by antipsychotic treatment. Some factors have been associated with increased risk for developing PS such as old age and polypharmacy. PS appears to be better treated with the reduction or interruption of the agent(s) associated with its onset.

Despite its low incidence, Pisa syndrome can occur as a side effect of a number of different medications and the identification of the trigger-drug is fundamental so it can be reduced or interrupted in order to treat this condition.

No significant relationships.

Depression is a leading cause of disability affecting over 300 million indivuals worldwide. About 1/3 of patients with depression fail to achive remission despite treatment with multiple antidepressants and are considered to have treatment-resistant depression (TRD). In view of such facts, vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) therapy was approved as an adjunctive long-term treatment for TRD.

The authors elaborate a narrative literature review about de effectiveness of VNS in treatment for TRD.

PubMed database searched using the terms “treatment-resistant depression”, “vagus nerve stimulation”

The pathophysiology of depression is complex and includes social environmental stress factors, genetic and biological processes, inflammation, and disturbances in monoamine neurotransmission. The overdrive of the HPA axis is most consistently seen in subjects with more severe depression, when the cortisol feedback inhibitory mechanisms are impaired, contributing to cytokine oversecretion. It has been shown that chronic exposure to elevated inflammatory cytokines can lead to depression. The vagus nerve represents the main component of the parasympathetic nervous system, which oversees a vast array of crucial bodily functions, including control of mood and imune response. VNS therapy has a demonstrated anti-inflammatory effect which might be a significant reason for its efficacy in patients who did not respond to antidepressants. Treatments thar target the vagus nerve increase the vagal tone and inhibit cytokine production and the stimulation of vagal aferente fibers in the gut influences monaminergic brain systems.

The mecanismos by which VNS may benefit patients nonresponsive to conventional antidepressants is unclear, with further research need to clarify this.

No significant relationships.

Medical-education is associated with high overall stress and it is important to identify relevant factors.

The study was aimed to discern the differences in perceived stress among the students of public and private medical colleges of Pakistan and to identify factors subservient to any hypothesized difference.

This cross-sectional study was conducted at different private and public medical colleges of Pakistan using validated tools: PSS-14 (Perceived Stress Scale) to find out the levels of stress faced by each sector and MSSQ (Medical Student Stressor Questionnaire) to determine the factors associated with increased stress.

Total of 424 medical students from various public and private medical colleges of Pakistan (212 each) filled the questionnaires. The mean score +/- SD of PSS-14 was 36.17 ± 6.096 for the public sector and 36.29 ±5.732 for the private sector. Hence, there was no difference between the two comparative means of PSS score, t(422)=-0.213,p=0.831.The results for both sectors were classified as high perceived stress (27-40 score is high perceived stress). Out of 40 individual stress-causing factors in MSSQ, the students from private-sector scored higher as compared to public-sector: Quota System in examination t(422)=-3.951,p=0.000, stress caused by lack of time for friends and family t(422)=-3.225,p=0.001, stress caused by Tests/Examination t(422)=-2.131,p=0.034, stress caused by the parental wish for them to study medicine t(422)=-2.346,p=0.019 and stress caused by fear of getting poor marks t(422)=-2.183,p=0.030.

There exists no overall difference in the perceived-stress among the medical students of public and private medical colleges despite private-sectors having significantly more operational financial resources.

No significant relationships.

the problematic use of social media (PUSM) is considered nowadays as a behavioural addiction. Social media seem to provide an ephemeral escape especially for children suffering from dysfunctional families and abuse.

To study in a population of children and adolescents followed in outpatient child psychiatry unit, the prevalence, and family risk factors related to PUSM.

a descriptive study was conducted among child and adolescent psychiatry consultants. Parents were asked to provide answers for the BSMAS (Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale). We used a self-administered questionnaire and the BSMAS to assess patients’ social media’s use characteristics and the APGAR Family Test to assess their satisfaction with their family functioning.

The prevalence of PUSM was estimated at 9.2% in our population according to the conservative approach, rising to 48.7% according to the liberal approach. APGAR Family Test scores were negatively correlated with BSMAS scores (Pearson’s coefficient= -0.37; p=0.002). Significantly higher scores were found in cases of exposure to physical (p=0.001) or moral (p=0.037) abuse and among patients who witnessed spousal violence (p=0.041), and whose parents had a lower level of education. A positive and significant correlation was found between parents’ and adolescents’ BSMAS scores (p=0.04).

Psychopathological fragility triggered by poor family functioning expose to the risk of PUSM. The implementation of preventive strategies and a rigorous and global management of these adolescents are imperative to fight against this disorder.

No significant relationships.

Coronaviruses traditionally are considered to cause pulmonary diseases, often accompanied by gastrointestinal symptoms. Since the COVID-19 pandemic start in early 2020, there have been reports of a high prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms. Recent data show significant rates of neuropsychiatric diagnosis over the subsequent 6 months post-infection. Some of the data suggest the COVID-19 as a cause of new-onset psychotic symptoms in patients with no psychiatric history. Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thoughts, and confusion were the most frequently reported psychotic features which low doses of antipsychotics seem to be helpful.

Brief literature review about the relationship between COVID-19 and new-onset psychotic symptomatology.

Non-systematic review through PubMed research using the terms “COVID-19”, “SARS-CoV-2”, “pandemics”, “psychotic symptoms” and “psychosis”.

The severity of the infection, especially in those with the need for hospitalization/intensive care, seems to have a clear effect on the gravity of subsequent neuropsychiatric symptoms, namely psychosis. Viral invasion of the central neural system, hypercoagulable states, and neuroinflammation are potential associated mechanisms. It’s important to consider the effect of therapies that may have the potential to cause psychosis (eg steroids). According to recent literature, around 0.9-4% of people exposed to the COVID-19 virus develop psychotic episodes, which is much higher than the incidence in the general population.

Post-COVID-19 related psychosis has been reported in different nations. The pathophysiology is yet not clear, although the hyperinflammatory response has been suggested as the main mechanism for the neuropsychiatric manifestations. Given the high number of case reports with similar presentations, it’s important to proceed with more investigations.

No significant relationships.

One of the most frequent side effects seen when prescribing sertraline and clozapine together is the appearance of a seizure crisis. This event is usually related to an increase of plasmatic concentration due to interactions of these drugs with blood components.

To investigate the effects of clozapine when combined with other drugs, especially its effects increasing plasmatic concentration.

A patient was treated sith 300 mg/day of clozapine followed by a treatment with sertraline 50 mg/day, which increases plasmatic concentration. The combination of these treatments produced seizures. Other works published about interactions are reviewed.

It is important to monitor clozapine dosages to avoid increasing plasmatic concentration, especially if other drugs that have this effect are also administered.

It is important to monitor clozapine dosages to avoid increasing plasmatic concentration, especially if other drugs that have this effect are also administered.

No significant relationships.

Covid-19 pandemic put parents under great pressure, and the most vulnerable parents may have become too overwhelmed to find appropriate ways to be supportive caregivers and to address children’s fears and insecurities.

Assess the level of parental stress experienced by mothers during the COVID-19 pandemic and compare it with that experienced by fathers.

This was a descriptive and comparative analytical study, shared on social networks during the period from 8 to 20 April 2021, targeting mothers of children aged 2 to 18 years. The mother answered the questionnaire for herself and her child. The level of stress experienced by the mother in the parent-child relationship during the COVID-19 pandemic was assessed by the brief version of the Parental Stress Index (PSI-SF).

The total number of participants was 65 mothers. Parental stress level in mothers was high in 58.5%, the average PSI score was 94.25; the mean score of the parental distress subscale was 34.06; the mean score of the dysfunctional child-parent interaction subscale was 27.86; and the average score of the child difficulty subscale was 32.32. The mean scores of the parental distress subscale, the child difficulty subscale, as well as the mean PSI total score were significantly higher in mothers than in fathers, with p= 0.010; p= 0.022 and p=0.017 respectively.

Our results highlight a higher level of stress in mothers than in fathers. This can be explained the parental, marital and professional responsibilities imposed on women, underlining the urgent need to provide mothers with adequate support.

No significant relationships.

In the scientific world widely discussed phenomenon of “cytokine-induced depression”. Macrophages have high plasticity and are able to control the inflammatory response; in particular, anti-inflammatory type-2 macrophages have a pronounced potential due to complex soluble factors production.

We have developed an original method for the type-2 macrophages generation; the resulting macrophages are characterized by the high level of a whole range of neurotrophic, neuroprotective, proangiogenic and anti-inflammatory factors production. The aim of the study was to investigate effects of human type-2 macrophages soluble products on behavioral phenotype and brain cytokines synthesis in depressive-like animals.

Type-2 macrophages were generated by culturing an adherent fraction of mononuclear cells with 50 ng/ml recombinant human GM-CSF in serum deprivation conditions for 7 days. (CBA x C57Bl/6)F1 depressive-like male mice, developed under the long-term social stress, were undergoing the human type-2 macrophages conditioned medium intranasal administration (60 ml twice daily for one animal) for 6 days. Mice behavioral phenotyping was carried out using an automatic registration system (Noldus Information Technology). Cytokines were determined by ELISA.

Depressive-like mice behavioral phenotyping after type-2 macrophages conditioned medium administration revealed anhedonia decrease, motor activity stimulation in the open field and forced swimming tests, anxiety reduction in elevated plus maze. Behavioral changes were recorded against the pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL- 6, INFγ) decrease in striatum and hippocampus, as well as anti-inflammatory IL- 10 increase in hippocampus and hypothalamus.

Results demonstrated the effectiveness of human type-2 macrophages biologically active soluble products in relation to the stress-induced depressive-like behavior editing

No significant relationships.

Atypical antipsychotics are a new treatment option for patients with impaired impulse regulation as seen in Cluster B personality disorders. Preliminary data are available on the use of atypical antipsychotics especially in the treatment of impulsivity in borderline personality disorder. The aim of the present study is to investigate efficacy regarding impaired impulse regulation, different psychopathological symptoms and tolerability of quetiapine in a group of patients with Cluster B personality disorder.

Fifteen consecutive patients with a DSM-IV diagnosis of borderline, histrionic, or narcissistic personality disorder were treated for 8 weeks with open-label quetiapine at the dose of 400 mg/day. Patients were assessed at baseline, week 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and week 8. The clinical efficacy and side effects were assessed using the following scales: Hamilton Scales for Depression (HAM-D) and Anxiety (HAMD-A), Beck-Depression Inventory (BDI), Barratt Impulsivity Scale version 10 (BIS-10), Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), and the Dosage Record and Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale (DOTES).

Twelve patients completed the study. Three patients (20%) dropped out due to noncompliance. A significant improvement was found for the scores of the following scales: BPRS (anxiety/depression subscale), HAM-D, and BDI. No significant result was found for impaired impulse regulation. Common adverse effects, possibly due to study medication, were mild-to-moderate somnolence, mouth dryness, agitation, nausea, and dizziness.

An 8 week open label treatment with 400mg quetiapine daily seems to improve depressive and anxiety, but not impulsivity symptoms in cluster-B personality disorders.

The research was carried out in Poland between 7-19 March 2021 with the help of online questionnaire on a group of 183 male aged 18-20. The subjects were divided into two age groups: 18-29 and 30-40. The second division are chemsex and non chemsex users.

Objective of this research was to test whether attachment styles, ways of coping with stress and feeling of sense of life influence the risk of overusing chemsex in MSM groups aged 18-29 and 30-40.

Online questionnaire composed of demographics and 3 psychological tests: Ways of Attachment Questionnaire (Polpa 2008) Ways of Coping Questionaire (polish adaptation by P. Szczepaniak, J. Strelau, K. Wrześniewski) Life Attitude Profile - Revised (polish adaptation by R. Klamut)

Examinated chemsex users, based on life attitudes analysis, tend to lead a strongly oriented life, are convinced of having clear and well-defined goals. In terms of dealing with stress they are presenting focused-on-task style, they exhibit lowered levels of avoidant style than normally characteristic for addicts. The research did not reveal any connection between chemsex users and attachment styles.

The research did not allow to clearly point out any connections between risk factors and chemsex usage. During data analysis some weak links occurred, nevertheless too weak to state any risk factors. As results of carried out research it was possible to determine some models, which marked some specific values, obtained on given scales, and following connections between heightening and lowering chance of chemsex usage.

No significant relationships.