The “parental multiple-family school” was developed in Buenos Aires (Argentina) by E. Rotenberg, based on the theory and practice of J. García Badaracco's multiple-family psychoanalysis (which further expands on the classical psychoanalysis’ frame), applying it to the kids and their relatives. We will focus on the therapeutic group treating psychosomatic pathology, with the collaboration of the Dermatology department of the Hospital de Niños Dr. Ricardo Gutiérrez.

To highlight the importance of creating spaces to modify the psychic mechanisms and resources of the psychosomatic patient at an infant age.

We describe the “multiple-family parents school”, an open, weekly group, coordinated by two psychologists and assisted by a dermatologist, in which the theories of J. García Badaracco's multiple-family group analysis are applied. We also discuss the importance of applying this system in our clinical practice.

We observed, according to the Dermatology department, very positive and significative changes in every post-group, which could lead to the disappearance of dermatological diseases in different patients without a pharmacological treatment which was previously given as first option. Single-session groups had many advantages, including the removal of waiting lists, a better development of the emotional connection between kids and their families, and a reduction of the therapeutic and professional costs.

We think that starting interventions in multiple-family group therapy in Madrid in order to treat psychosomatic diseases in kids and teenagers should be encouraged after the very positive clinical experience in other cities.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

To assess the clinical outcomes associated with social cognition impairment in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder.

It was a cross-sectional study with convenience sample. The diagnose of bipolar disorder was performed by psychiatrist, using DSM-IV criteria, at bipolar disorder program – Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre (Brazil), where the sample was recruited. The social cognition was assessed by psychologists using the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test.

We included 46 euthymic BD patients: BD I (n = 39), women (n = 32), age (49.11 ± 13.17), and years of education (10.56 ± 3.80). Patients with social cognition impairment were not different of patients without social cognition impairment regarding socio demographic factors (gender, age, educational level, marital status, and employment status). Patients with social cognitive impairment showed higher rates of BD I patients (P = 0.036) and higher proportion of hospitalization in the first episode (P = 0.033), as compared to patients without social cognition impairment.

This is a preliminary study demonstrating that BD patients with social cognition impairment show worse clinical outcomes. Severe BD onset seems to be an important predictor of social cognition impairment. However, more studies are needed investigating social cognition impairment in subjects with bipolar disorder.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

One of the usual indications for Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) is Paranoid Schizophrenia (PS), being performed usually in cases resistant to antipsychotics.

To present a clinical case of a patient with antipsychotic-resistant PS, including Clozapine, who received ECT.

We present the case of a 47-year-old patient with an 8-years diagnosis of PS. He presented visual, auditory, and kinesthetic hallucinations, delusions, and thought insertion and diffusion phenomena that impeded concentration. He had received treatment with different antipsychotics (including Clozapine), without achieving remission of symptoms. He also presented significant adverse effects such as hypersalivation and extrapyramidal symptoms. Due to the poor response and the adverse effects that limited the dose increase, it was decided to start ECT.

The patient received a total of 9 sessions, presenting a significant reduction in symptoms since the 5th session (disappearance of the sensory-perceptual alterations and thought disturbances). As side effects, the patient presented amnesia of the moments prior to applying the therapy, which subsequently resolved. The patient continued to present concentration difficulties, although after ECT he denied the presence of thought insertion or diffusion phenomena to which he previously attributed the cause of these difficulties.

Although less responsive than in other indications, ECT combined with antipsychotic drugs has been proven to be more effective than monotherapy (regardless of whether it’s Clozapine or another). This lower response could be due to the use of ECT in the most resistant cases, since it has been demostrated that in more acute cases a faster improvement occurs when the two treatments are combined.

No significant relationships.

While there exist some studies that explored the association between maternal anxiety and depressive symptoms and the risk of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in early and late childhood, studies exploring the risk in late adolescence are however lacking.

This is the first study that aimed to investigate the association between maternal anxiety, depressive, as well as comorbid anxiety and depressive symptoms, and the risk of ADHD symptoms in late adolescence.

We used data from the Raine Study, a birth cohort in Western Australia. The Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS) was used to assess maternal depressive and anxiety symptoms when the child was aged 10. Whereas, the DSM-oriented scales of the child behavior checklist (CBCL) was used to assess ADHD symptoms offspring in adolescents aged 17. Log-binomial regression model was used to explore the associations.

After adjusting for relevant covariates, we found an increased risk of ADHD symptoms in the adolescent children of mothers with anxiety [RR 2.84 (95%CI 1.18-6.83)] as well as comorbid anxiety and depressive symptoms [RR 5.60 (95%CI 3.02-10.37)]. No association was seen with maternal depressive symptoms.

This study suggested that adolescent offspring of mothers with anxiety as well as comorbid anxiety and depressive symptoms had an increased risk of ADHD symptoms. Early detection and management for ADHD symptoms in children of mothers with anxiety and comorbid anxiety and depressive symptoms are needed.

No significant relationships.

Many time people get addicted to a drug like opiods when prescribed for some medical purpose. Neurobiological models of addiction has proposed cellular adaptation as mechanism of drug addiction. Excessive release of dopamine in NA due to drug intake produces euphoric sensation leading to pathological learning. Repeated use of drug increase glutametergic drive from prefrontal to NA cause compulsive seeking of drug in drug addicts. Is it possible to prevent medically induced addiction.

Pub med search was made by using key words, addiction model, dopamine, glutamate, anticraving medicine, oxidative stress.

Different antiglutametergic medication like ketamine, mementine, accomprosate modulate glutamatic excitation to prevent addiction. Natural medicine like N acetyle cystine and oxytocin have protective role . Typical antipsychotic can block surge of dopamine in NA.

When addictive drug has to be used inevitably for medical purpose it should be combined with other drugs to prevent development of addiction. First euphoria related to dopamine release in NA can be blocked by use of low dose typical antipsychotic or dopamine partial antagonist . NMDA is molecular target of various addictive drugs. Memtentine, ketamine or accomprosate can minimize effects of glutametergic plasticity. N accetyle cystine can restore glutamatergic pathway by its system of cystine- glutamate antiporter. It is source of glutathione largest anti oxidant system of body. Intranasal oxytocin can prevent addiction through its action on stress, learning, memory and intimacy. Intranasal oxytocin can be delivered directly to the brain.

Different strategies can be used to prevent medically induced addiction.

Lithium has been used in the successful treatment of bipolar disorders since the 1950's. Advancements in neuroscience show that it has neuroprotective properties suggesting a possible efficacy in stroke, Alzheimer's and dementia. There is also evidence showing lithium protection of neurologic injury by changing GSK-3 inhibition in animals.

The Lithium Archives Project research design is a retrospective, random paper based chart review of patients with mood disorders. The charts are examined for over 100 variables including demographic, symptom, mood, biochemical, neurologic, and medical items. The current sample of over 700 charts was analyzed by a skilled statistician using standard SPSS statistical software. Mean, standard deviation and significance of cerebrovascular disease, myocardial infarction, brain tumors, stroke, seizures, and eye diseases of patients treated with lithium and patients treated without lithium were compared and analyzed. Multivariate analysis was performed to analyze group (lithium/no lithium) and incidence of disease. The means of disease incidence in the lithium versus non-lithium groups were then charted.

The Multivariate Analysis of Variance of the current data shows that group is a significant variable in the incidence of diseases analyzed (Pillai's Trace F = 2.926, df = 11,416, p=.004). The patients treated with lithium show less incidence of cerebrovascular disease (p=.053), myocardial infarction (p=.012), seizures (p=.091), eye diseases (p=.011), stroke (p=.014) and brain tumors (p=.072).

The current analysis is very promising and indicates that in this patient population, lithium may have played a role in protection from these diseases.

Taking into account epidemiological data about growing frequency of acute and chronic disorders of maxillofacial area evaluation of psychopathological disorders in this group of patients is of great importance.

The purpose was to diagnose symptoms of psychopathological disorders in maxillofacial surgeons’ patients.

The study used psychometric method. The validated scales used were SAS, SDS, Holmes and Rahe stress scale, HCL-32-R1. We included all patients who have applied to the clinic of Moscow State Medico-Stomatologic University from January 2010 to March 2013 and who gave Inform Consent.

Study sample consists of 408 patients (206 men, 202 women), 18-71 years old. According to somatic status all patients were divided into three groups. First group (n=160) – patients with chronic somatic disease resulted in fixed deformity of maxillofacial area. 41,3% of patients had depressive symptoms, 31,3% had anxiety symptoms and 16,3% had hypomania symptoms. Second group (n=127) - patients with acute posttraumatic face tissue injury. 10,7% of patients had symptoms of depression, 20% of patients had symptoms of anxiety and 32,3% of patients had symptoms of hypomania.

Third group (n=121) – patients without evident somatic pathology wishing to perform surgical correction of appearance.51,2% of patients had depressive symptoms, 40,5% of patients had anxiety symptoms and 35,7% of patients had hypomania symptoms.

Our data suggest that 10-55% of maxillofacial surgeons’ patients have different symptoms of mental disorders (affective, anxiety). Further investigation needed to determine syndromal characteristics and nosological diagnosis and to elaborate psychopharmacotherapy and psychotherapy approaches.

Key to the distinctiveness of the burnout construct is the idea that burnout is etiologically anchored in the occupational context and mainly dependent on job-related factors. This idea, however, needs further empirical validation.

The aim of the present study was to examine whether burnout is more strongly associated with chronic occupational stress and workplace social support (job-related factors) than with global stress and life satisfaction (generic factors).

This study included 2124 French teachers (mean age: 41.36; 73% female). Participants were enrolled during the last trimester of the 2013-2014 school year. Burnout was assessed with the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Chronic occupational stress and workplace social support were measured with the Job Content Questionnaire. Global stress and life satisfaction were assessed with the Perceived Stress Scale (10-item version) and the Satisfaction with Life Scale, respectively. Multiple regression analyses were carried out.

Global stress was found to be the main predictor of burnout (β = .35), followed by chronic occupational stress (β = .22), life satisfaction (β = -.20), and workplace social support (β = -.12), all ps < .001. A model coupling global stress and life satisfaction as predictors accounted for 42% of the variance in burnout. A model coupling chronic occupational stress and workplace social support as predictors accounted for 31% of the variance in burnout.

Burnout may not be better predicted by job-related indicators than by generic indicators. Thereby, the dominant view of burnout is questioned. Longitudinal investigation should be conducted.

In order to promote the harmonisation of training in psychiatry and facilitate mobility of psychiatrists across Europe, the European Board of Psychiatry is developing appropriate training recommendations. In a recently conducted European survey, Greece was partly under-represented and there is lack of recent data regarding national psychiatric training.

The present survey aimed to investigate, from a trainee's point of view, the degree of compliance of Greek training centres to what the European Board of Psychiatry recommends.

An on-line survey, accessible only to invited trainees, was constructed in close adherence to previous questionnaires and guidelines set by the European Board of Psychiatry. Training centres in psychiatry were identified and trainees were invited by e-mail to complete the survey in autumn 2010. All responses were tracked and only valid completed questionnaires were included in the final results.

Preliminary results from the first quarter of the sample clearly indicate that the overwhelming majority of Greek psychiatric trainees do not have individualized training programs (88%) and logbooks (99%). There is no auditing experience (90%) and no exposure to internal (90%) or external (93%) evaluation. On the other hand, structured theoretical training is available to the majority of trainees (94%) although psychotherapeutic supervision is offered to only 25% of trainees.

Much improvement had been observed over the last decade in psychiatric training in Greece. However, results of the present survey show that there is still inadequate compliance to some of the recommendations developed by the European Board of Psychiatry.

As many studies suggest, schizophrenic spectrum disorders outcome is linked with the duration of untreated first-episode psychosis; the longer is the gap between the onset of the disease and the first medical treatement the worst is the outcome. Cognitive impairment is one of the major predictor of poor outcome.

We study if there is a correlation between a long duration of untreated first-episode psychosis and cognitive impairment in the long term outcome.

Our sample consisted of 41 subjects (27M and 14 F) with a mean age of 48.6 years (SD = 11.91) with a mean age of onset of 23.4 years (SD = 7.68) and a mean duration of illness of 22.1 years (SD = 14.8) who has been diagnosed schizophrenic according to DSM-IV TR through the SCID-I and evaluated with the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) to study neuro-cognitive profile.

A long duration of untreated psychosis is associated with redution in the performance scale of association symbols to number (p = 0.04) and performance IQ (p = 0.04) regardless of the duration of illness.

This study confirms an association between long duration of untreated psychosis and cognitive deterioration. The reduced performance suggest a deficit in memory, attention and concentration, speed of performance, coordination,skill and non verbal ability in the sample with the longer DUI.

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are characterised by repetitive behaviour/interests, an impairment in reciprocal social interaction and communication. This implies the inadequate appreciation of socio-emotional cues and leads to a default in the responses to other people's emotions.

Deficits in empathy have been described for individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD).

We aim to investigate the described deficits in empathy in a group of people with ASD on a behavioural and a neuronal level.

We assessed neuronal activity using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during three different empathy tasks (“emotion-recognition”, “perspective-taking” and “affective-responsiveness”) of 12 adults with ASD and a matched group of healthy controls.

Subjects with ASD did not have differences in affective responsiveness compared to healthy controls, but in emotion recognition and perspective taking. The reaction time was significantly longer in patients with ASD in all tasks. People with ASD showed a different pattern of brain activation in cortico-limbic areas during the empathy tasks compared to controls

Our findings of individuals with ASD having problems in emotions-recognition and in perspective taking are supported by previous results. These impairments are reflected by a different pattern of neuronal activation in several brain areas of individuals with ASD compared to controls. Although there are no differences in affective responsiveness in the ASD group a marked difference can be seen in the brain activation during this task. These findings might open up new avenues of intervention for individuals with ASD and their often described problems with empathy.

Unipolar depression has been found to associate with elevated C-reactive protein levels (CRP) in men, but findings among women have been conflicting. It has been hypothesized that this would be explained by a different hormonal environment (compared with men) and its changes throughout the lifecycle in women, but until now, the corresponding evidence has been lacking. We investigated the association between depressive symptoms and CRP levels in a population-based study in pre-, peri- and postmenopausal women, and also, whether this association is affected by the use of exogenous hormones (contraceptives and postmenopausal hormone therapy).

Initially, the entire age classes of those born in 1942, 1947, 1952, 1957 and 1962, and living in Pieksämäki, Finland were invited (N=1,294), and out of 730 women 512 (70.1 %) participated in this cross-sectional study in 1997-98. Depressive symptoms were assessed by Beck's Depression Inventory -21 (BDI-21) and C-reactive protein (CRP) was measured with a high-sensitivity CRP assay (hs-CRP).

We found a statistically significant positive correlation between hs-CRP-levels and depressive symptoms in peri- and postmenopausal women not using exogenous hormones (Spearman partial correlation coefficient, r=0.189, p=0.011; and r=0.436, p=0.033, respectively). On the contrary, no significant correlations were found in peri- and postmenopausal women using exogenous hormones, or in premenopausal women irrespective of their exogenous hormone use.

Our novel findings strongly suggest that female hormones might have a major impact on the association between elevated CRP levels and depressive symptoms in females. Further studies are, however, needed to confirm our findings.

Mild cognitive impairment is the pathological case in which the individual is between dementia and healthy. Therefore, especially in the protection, it is necessary to maintain and protect the cognitive functions. The physical activities exercised by the old people are crucial in increasing the cognitive functions or in maintenance of the present condition.

The aim is to analyse the effects of the physical activities on the cognitive functions of the old people with mild cognitive impairment.

The research was organized within the order of pretest-posttest design as experimental type using control groups. For the experiment,25 old people with mild cognitive impairment who were convenient for physical activities were selected with regard to the doctors’ advice. For the control group, a group of old people with mild cognitive impairment was listed. For the old people in the experimental group, a physical activity programme was applied including 30min. walk and 30min. regular exercise three days in a week which had continued for four weeks. Standardized Mini Mental Test Examination(SMMTE) was applied on the old people both before and after the activity.

The average SMMTE point of the old people in the experimental group before the activity(20.6±2.4) increased considerably after the activity(24.3±3.6) and the difference is significant statistically(p<0.05). When the SMMTE points of the experimental and control group was compared after the activity, it was found out that the experimental group has higher points compared to the experimental group and the difference is significant(p<0.05).

Regular and a three-day week physical activity program improved the cognitive functions of the old people with mild cognitive impairment.

AA received speaker fees from Lundbeck.

Patients with schizophrenia, and first-episode patients in particular, suffer from stigma and discrimination due to their illness. Recently, interventions have been developed addressing stigma coping and empowerment strategies within psycho-educational or therapeutic group settings.

To provide such interventions in a purposeful way, it is essential to identify those patients who would benefit most of such interventions. We propose that personal stigma experiences are a promising concept to identify such patients.

Since most existing assessments of stigma experiences are interview-based or do not consistently discriminate between experiences of and beliefs about stigma, a short self-rating instrument assessing experiences of stigma and discrimination has been developed and tested in a sample of patients with first-episode schizophrenia.

Patients with first-episode schizophrenia (N=48 participants of the multi-center 'first-episode (long-term) study” of the German Research Network on Schizophrenia) completed a 5-item self-rating assessing the burden due to experiences of stigma and discrimination. Psychopathology, global and social functioning, self-esteem, quality of life and anticipated stigma served as variables to determine construct validity of the scale.

Average score of stigma experiences was 2.3 (out of 5 points). The stigma experiences score correlated significantly with lower quality of life, lower self-esteem and higher anticipated stigma.

The self-rating scale 'Burden of stigma experiences” is a promising instrument for identifying patients with a need for therapeutic or educational interventions addressing stigma coping. Validation studies in further patient samples would be desirable.

Some authors suggest that Anorexia Nervosa (AN) could be considered as part of the Obsessive Compulsive Spectrum. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) might be best characterized in terms of failures in cognitive and behavioral inhibitory functions. Impairments in intentionally inhibiting simple motor actions (Response Inhibition) have been demonstrated in these patients but no studies were conducted in AN patients.

The aim of this study was to evaluate Response Inhibition (RI) in patients with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD), patients with Anorexia Nervosa (AN) and Healthy Controls (HC).

29 HC, 17 patients with OCD and 15 patients with AN were recruited. Stop Signal Task (SST) selected from Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) was administered to all participants. SST is based on the Logan's theory and it gives an index of Response Inhibition, called Stop Signal Reaction Time (SSRT).

A significant difference in SSRT between HC and the clinical groups was found. No differences in SSRT and number of “Direction Errors” were found between OCD and AN groups. No gender influence on the SST performance was found.OCD group showed slower reaction times to the main task than AN and HC.

Results from neuropsychological assessment have shown a deficit in the Response Inhibition in OCD and AN patients, in line with our hypothesis. Findings supports evidences in literature about OCD patients, but it represents a pioneer result in the contest of AN patients.